# Toxic, Hateful, Offensive or Abusive? What Are We Really Classifying? An Empirical Analysis of Hate Speech Datasets

> Research article (Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2020) · cited 91× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W3030681628](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W3030681628)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/toxic-hateful-offensive-or-abusive-what-are-we-really-classifying-an-empirical-analysis-of-hate-speech-datasets