# Tool Wear Estimation in End Milling of Titanium Alloy Using NPE and a Novel WOA-SVM Model

> Research article (IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2019) · cited 107× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W2985371178](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W2985371178)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/tool-wear-estimation-in-end-milling-of-titanium-alloy-using-npe-and-a-novel-woa-svm-model