# Surprise! Measuring Novelty as Expectation Violation

> Research article (2021) · cited 20× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W3173135198](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W3173135198)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/surprise-measuring-novelty-as-expectation-violation