# surgery

> medical specialty

**Wikidata**: [Q40821](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/surgery

## Summary
Surgery is a medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or injuries through operative procedures. It encompasses various subspecialties, including neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, and plastic surgery, and has been practiced for centuries by notable figures such as Theodor Billroth and Alexis Carrel. The field continues to evolve with advancements in techniques and technologies.

## Key Facts
- Surgery is a branch of medicine concerned with specific groups of diseases or populations.
- It is an academic discipline involving the study and practice of surgical procedures.
- Notable surgeons include Julius Richard Petri, Theodor Billroth, and Fedor Krause.
- Subspecialties of surgery include neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, and plastic surgery.
- Historical figures in surgery include Andreas Vesalius, Alexis Carrel, and Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi.
- Modern surgeons like Denton Cooley and Tirone E. David have made significant contributions.
- Surgery involves procedures such as vaginoplasty, laser surgery, and tissue and organ harvesting.
- Related medical specialties include orthopedic surgery, thoracic surgery, and surgical oncology.

## FAQs
- **What is the primary goal of surgery?**
  The primary goal of surgery is to diagnose and treat diseases or injuries through operative procedures, aiming to restore health and function.

- **Who are some of the most notable surgeons in history?**
  Notable surgeons include Theodor Billroth, Alexis Carrel, and Harvey Williams Cushing, who have made significant contributions to the field.

- **What are the main subspecialties within surgery?**
  Main subspecialties include neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, plastic surgery, and orthopedic surgery, each focusing on specific areas of the body or medical conditions.

- **How has surgery evolved over time?**
  Surgery has evolved from ancient practices to modern techniques, incorporating advancements in technology and medical knowledge, as demonstrated by figures like Ignaz Semmelweis and Ferdinand Sauerbruch.

- **What are some common surgical procedures?**
  Common procedures include hysterectomy, conization, and laser surgery, each tailored to specific medical needs and conditions.

## Why It Matters
Surgery plays a crucial role in modern medicine by enabling precise diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries. It has evolved from ancient practices to sophisticated techniques, significantly improving patient outcomes. The field continues to advance with innovations in minimally-invasive procedures and specialized treatments, making it essential for addressing complex medical conditions.

## Notable For
- Pioneering contributions by historical figures like Andreas Vesalius and Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi.
- Development of specialized surgical techniques, including laser surgery and tissue harvesting.
- Advancements in subspecialties such as neurosurgery and thoracic surgery.
- Notable modern surgeons like Joseph Murray and Christiaan Barnard, who have made groundbreaking discoveries.
- Integration of technology and medical knowledge to enhance surgical precision and patient care.

## Body
### History
Surgery has a rich history, with early practitioners like Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi and Andreas Vesalius laying the foundation for modern surgical techniques. Figures such as Theodor Billroth and Alexis Carrel have made significant contributions to the field, advancing surgical procedures and medical knowledge.

### Subspecialties
Surgery encompasses various subspecialties, including neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, and plastic surgery. Each subspecialty focuses on specific areas of the body or medical conditions, allowing for targeted and effective treatments.

### Notable Surgeons
Notable surgeons throughout history include Julius Richard Petri, Fedor Krause, and Harvey Williams Cushing. Modern surgeons like Denton Cooley and Tirone E. David have also made significant contributions to the field, further advancing surgical techniques and patient care.

### Surgical Procedures
Common surgical procedures include vaginoplasty, laser surgery, and tissue and organ harvesting. These procedures are tailored to specific medical needs and conditions, aiming to restore health and function.

### Related Medical Specialties
Surgery is closely related to other medical specialties such as orthopedic surgery, thoracic surgery, and surgical oncology. Each specialty focuses on specific areas of medicine, contributing to comprehensive patient care.

### Evolution and Advancements
Surgery has evolved significantly over time, incorporating advancements in technology and medical knowledge. Innovations such as minimally-invasive procedures and specialized treatments have enhanced surgical precision and patient outcomes.

### Impact on Modern Medicine
Surgery plays a crucial role in modern medicine, enabling precise diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries. The field continues to advance, making it essential for addressing complex medical conditions and improving patient care.

## References

1. Directory of Open Access Journals
2. [Nuovo soggettario](https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=836)
3. Nuovo soggettario
4. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
5. BBC Things
6. BabelNet
7. [Botchedsurgeries: private](https://old.reddit.com/r/BotchedSurgeries)
8. [Source](https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1297.02008?OpenDocument)
9. [Source](https://fr.dentist/kb/surgery/)
10. National Library of Israel
11. CC 6
12. KBpedia
13. [Source](https://vocabs.ardc.edu.au/viewById/316)
14. GF WordNet
15. All Science Journal Classification Codes
16. [OpenAlex](https://docs.openalex.org/download-snapshot/snapshot-data-format)