# Soyuz TM-10

> 1990 Soviet crewed spaceflight to Mir

**Wikidata**: [Q367014](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367014)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/soyuz-tm-10

## Summary
Soyuz TM-10 was a 1990 Soviet crewed spaceflight to the Mir space station, launched on August 1, 1990, and landing on December 10, 1990. It was the 10th expedition to Mir and carried a crew of three, including the first Japanese astronaut, Toyohiro Akiyama.

## Key Facts
- **Launch Date**: August 1, 1990
- **Landing Date**: December 10, 1990
- **Duration**: 11,306,151 seconds (approximately 132 days)
- **Crew**: Gennady Manakov (commander), Gennadi Strekalov (flight engineer), and Toyohiro Akiyama (research cosmonaut)
- **Spacecraft**: Soyuz-TM
- **Launch Vehicle**: Soyuz-U2
- **Orbit**: Low Earth orbit (LEO)
- **Orbital Period**: 88.7 minutes
- **Orbits Completed**: 2,125
- **Apoapsis**: 219 km
- **Periapsis**: 198 km
- **Orbital Inclination**: 51.63 degrees
- **Mass at Takeoff**: 7,150 kg
- **Preceded by**: Soyuz TM-9
- **Followed by**: Soyuz TM-11
- **Significant Event**: First Japanese astronaut (Toyohiro Akiyama) to visit Mir

## FAQs
### Q: Who were the crew members of Soyuz TM-10?
A: The crew consisted of Gennady Manakov (commander), Gennadi Strekalov (flight engineer), and Toyohiro Akiyama (research cosmonaut), the first Japanese astronaut to visit Mir.

### Q: What was the duration of Soyuz TM-10's mission?
A: The mission lasted approximately 132 days, with a total duration of 11,306,151 seconds.

### Q: What was the significance of Soyuz TM-10?
A: Soyuz TM-10 marked the first time a Japanese astronaut, Toyohiro Akiyama, visited the Mir space station, contributing to international cooperation in space exploration.

### Q: What spacecraft and launch vehicle were used for Soyuz TM-10?
A: The mission used the Soyuz-TM spacecraft and was launched by the Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket.

### Q: How many orbits did Soyuz TM-10 complete?
A: The spacecraft completed 2,125 orbits around Earth during its mission.

## Why It Matters
Soyuz TM-10 was a pivotal mission in the Soviet space program, particularly for its international collaboration. The inclusion of Toyohiro Akiyama, the first Japanese astronaut to visit Mir, represented a significant step in global space exploration. The mission also contributed to the long-term habitation of the Mir space station, demonstrating the feasibility of extended human presence in space. Additionally, Soyuz TM-10 was part of a series of expeditions that maintained the Soviet Union's leadership in crewed spaceflight during the early 1990s. Its success laid the groundwork for future international space missions and the eventual transition of the Russian space program under post-Soviet leadership.

## Notable For
- **First Japanese astronaut on Mir**: Toyohiro Akiyama became the first Japanese national to visit the Mir space station.
- **Long-duration mission**: The 132-day mission set a precedent for extended human presence in space.
- **International cooperation**: The flight highlighted the Soviet Union's efforts to collaborate with other nations in space exploration.
- **Soyuz-TM spacecraft**: The mission utilized the fourth-generation Soyuz-TM spacecraft, which was a key vehicle for crewed flights to Mir.
- **Record-breaking orbits**: Soyuz TM-10 completed 2,125 orbits, showcasing the spacecraft's reliability in LEO.

## Body
### Mission Overview
Soyuz TM-10 was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on August 1, 1990, and docked with the Mir space station on August 3. The mission lasted approximately 132 days, with the spacecraft landing in Kazakhstan on December 10, 1990. The crew conducted scientific experiments and maintenance tasks during their stay.

### Crew and Objectives
The crew of Gennady Manakov, Gennadi Strekalov, and Toyohiro Akiyama performed various experiments, including studies on human physiology in space. The mission also involved the transfer of supplies and equipment to Mir. Toyohiro Akiyama's participation was a historic moment for Japan, marking the beginning of its involvement in international space exploration.

### Spacecraft and Launch
The Soyuz-TM spacecraft, with a takeoff mass of 7,150 kg, was launched by the Soyuz-U2 rocket. The spacecraft entered a low Earth orbit with an apoapsis of 219 km and a periapsis of 198 km, completing 2,125 orbits during the mission.

### International Significance
Soyuz TM-10 was part of a series of missions that facilitated international cooperation in space. The presence of a Japanese astronaut on board underscored the Soviet Union's efforts to engage with other nations in space exploration, despite the political tensions of the time.

### Legacy
The mission contributed to the broader goal of maintaining a continuous human presence in space and supported the scientific research conducted on Mir. Soyuz TM-10 also played a role in the transition of the Russian space program after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, setting the stage for future collaborations in space exploration.

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## References

1. Jonathan's Space Report
2. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
3. [Source](http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-tm-10.htm)