# science studies

> interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts

**Wikidata**: [Q1332231](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332231)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_studies)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/science-studies

## Summary
Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts. It functions as an academic discipline and a specific focus of study within higher education, classified under the broader category of "studies."

## Key Facts
- **Definition**: An interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts.
- **Classification**: It is an instance of Q11862829 and Q4671286, and a subclass of Q9347372.
- **Parent Category**: It is part of "studies" (scientific learning and research in higher education).
- **Related Fields**: Connected to "academic discipline" (academic field of study or profession) and "academic major" (focus of academic study leading to a degree).
- **Notable Figures**: Associated with John Desmond Bernal (Irish scientist, 1901-1971) and Helga Nowotny (Austrian sociologist).
- **Identifiers**:
  - GND ID: 4129377-0
  - NDL ID: 00564431
  - Freebase ID: /m/01_5f3
  - BabelNet ID: 8346
  - Encyclopedia of China ID: 2251743
  - YAGO IDs: Science-and-Society-1, Science-Studies
  - NKC ID: 169175208
  - NCL ID: C169175208
  - KBpedia ID: ScienceStudies
- **Media**: Associated image is "Bibliometrics definition.svg".
- **Categories**: Commons category is "Science studies".
- **Localization**: Danish Wikipedia slug is "videnskabsteori".
- **Sitelinks**: The entity has a sitelink count of 24.

## FAQs
**What is the primary focus of science studies?**
Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area dedicated to situating scientific expertise within broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts rather than viewing it in isolation.

**How is science studies categorized within academia?**
It is classified as an academic discipline and an academic major, serving as a focus of study leading to a degree. It is also a component of "studies," the broader term for scientific learning and research in higher education.

**Who are the notable individuals associated with science studies?**
John Desmond Bernal, an Irish scientist active from 1901 to 1971, and Helga Nowotny, an Austrian sociologist, are key figures related to this field.

**What database identifiers are associated with science studies?**
The field is recognized by numerous IDs across global databases, including GND (4129377-0), NDL (00564431), Freebase (/m/01_5f3), BabelNet (8346), and the Encyclopedia of China (2251743).

## Why It Matters
Science studies is significant because it provides a critical framework for understanding the creation and application of scientific knowledge. By analyzing scientific expertise through social, historical, and philosophical lenses, it bridges the gap between hard sciences and the humanities. This perspective is essential for evaluating the role of science in society and understanding the conditions under which scientific facts are established.

## Notable For
- **Interdisciplinary Scope**: Distinctly combines social, historical, and philosophical contexts to analyze scientific expertise.
- **Academic Recognition**: Established as both a specific academic discipline and a major course of study.
- **Extensive Cataloging**: Possesses a wide range of identifiers across international library and knowledge databases, including GND, NDL, and BabelNet.
- **Key Associations**: Linked to prominent historical figures like John Desmond Bernal and contemporary sociologists like Helga Nowotny.
- **Visual Representation**: Specifically associated with the "Bibliometrics definition.svg" image.

## Body

### Academic Classification and Context
Science studies is categorized fundamentally under "studies," which is defined as scientific learning and research in higher education. Within this hierarchy, it is recognized as an academic discipline—a field of study or profession—and as an academic major, which serves as a focus of academic study leading to a degree. Structurally, it is an instance of the entities Q11862829 and Q4671286, and acts as a subclass of Q9347372. The field maintains a presence across 24 different sitelinks, indicating its broad adoption in educational and informational contexts.

### Database Identifiers and Metadata
The entity is extensively cataloged in numerous knowledge bases and library systems globally. Its identifiers include the GND ID 4129377-0, the NDL ID 00564431, and the Freebase ID /m/01_5f3. It is also listed under the BabelNet ID 8346, the Encyclopedia of China ID 2251743, and the YAGO IDs Science-and-Society-1 and Science-Studies. Further identification numbers include the NKC ID 169175208, the NCL ID C169175208, and the KBpedia ID ScienceStudies. In the context of Danish Wikipedia, the field is referenced by the slug "videnskabsteori."

### Related Entities and Key Figures
Science studies is intellectually connected to several notable entities and individuals. It is closely related to the general concept of an "academic discipline," which holds 50 sitelinks, and an "academic major," which holds 8 sitelinks.

**John Desmond Bernal** is a primary person associated with this field. An Irish scientist born in 1901 and deceased in 1971, Bernal held United Kingdom citizenship. His occupations are diverse and identified by multiple codes, including Q169470, Q4964182, Q205375, Q1622272, Q16389557, Q15142825, Q14906342, Q36180, Q201788, Q18805, and he is associated with 46 sitelinks.

**Helga Nowotny** is another significant figure connected to science studies. She is an Austrian sociologist holding Austrian citizenship. Her professional roles are categorized under occupations Q2306091, Q121594, and Q4964182, with a sitelink count of 11.

### Media and Resources
Visual and categorical resources for science studies include the specific image file "Bibliometrics definition.svg." The topic is also organized within the Wikimedia Commons under the category "Science studies."

## References

1. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
2. [Source](https://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/~filit/fvm/metaveda.html)
3. Quora
4. KBpedia
5. [OpenAlex](https://docs.openalex.org/download-snapshot/snapshot-data-format)