# Science > academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science **Wikidata**: [Q192864](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192864) **Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)) **Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/science-q192864 ## Summary *Science* is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), established in 1880. It is one of the world’s most prestigious multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing groundbreaking research across natural, social, and formal sciences, and serving as a critical platform for advancing global scientific knowledge. ## Key Facts - **Founded**: 1880 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - **Publisher**: AAAS, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. - **ISSN**: 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (electronic). - **Frequency**: Weekly publication. - **Scope**: Covers all major scientific disciplines, including natural sciences, social sciences, and formal sciences. - **Peer Review**: Rigorous peer-review process ensuring methodological integrity and originality. - **Impact**: One of the most cited scientific journals globally, with a high influence in academic and policy circles. - **Digital Presence**: Available online at [science.org](https://www.science.org) and indexed in major databases. - **Aliases**: Known as *Science Magazine*, *Sci. (N. Y., N. Y.)*, and *science.org*. - **Awards**: Recipient of the Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities (1981–present) and the George Polk Award (1949–present). - **Related Publications**: Preceded by *The Scientific Monthly* (founded 1915), which later merged with *Science*. - **Notable Contributors**: Affiliated with figures like Nicholas Wade (British science writer) and Marcia McNutt (American geophysicist and former editor-in-chief). - **Identifiers**: - GND ID: 1644869 - Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN): 001097667 - Freebase ID: /m/01bgtn - OCLC: 17478 - CODEN: SCIEAS - NLM Unique ID: 0404511 - ISSN-L: 0036-8075 - **Social Media**: Active on platforms like Twitter (@ScienceMagazine), Mastodon (@sciencemagazine@sciencemastodon.com), and Facebook. - **Archival Access**: Digitized editions available via Internet Archive (e.g., *Science. (IA science2318amer).pdf*). - **Field of Work**: Primarily focused on scientific research, with broader implications for technology, medicine, and public policy. - **Sitelink Count**: 62 Wikipedia language editions, reflecting global reach. - **Parent Organization**: AAAS, an international non-profit founded in 1848 to promote science. ## FAQs **What is *Science* journal?** *Science* is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) since 1880. It is one of the most influential multidisciplinary journals, covering research in natural, social, and formal sciences. **Who publishes *Science*?** The journal is published by the AAAS, a non-profit organization founded in 1848 to advance scientific knowledge and collaboration. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. **What type of research does *Science* publish?** *Science* publishes original, peer-reviewed research across all major scientific disciplines, including biology, physics, chemistry, social sciences, and interdisciplinary studies. It emphasizes high-impact, innovative findings. **How does *Science* differ from other scientific journals?** Unlike specialized journals, *Science* is multidisciplinary, publishing breakthrough research across fields. It is also distinguished by its rigorous peer review, global readership, and influence on both academia and policy. **What awards has *Science* received?** The journal has been recognized with prestigious awards, including the Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities and the George Polk Award for journalism. **Who are some notable figures associated with *Science*?** Notable contributors include Nicholas Wade, a British science writer, and Marcia McNutt, an American geophysicist who served as editor-in-chief and later as president of the National Academy of Sciences. **How can I access *Science*?** *Science* is available online at [science.org](https://www.science.org), through institutional subscriptions, and via archival platforms like the Internet Archive. Some content is open-access, while other articles require a subscription. **What is the history of *Science*?** Founded in 1880, *Science* has evolved alongside modern scientific inquiry. It was preceded by *The Scientific Monthly* (1915), which later merged with *Science*. The journal has played a key role in disseminating major discoveries, from quantum mechanics to CRISPR gene editing. **What is the impact factor of *Science*?** While the exact impact factor varies yearly, *Science* consistently ranks among the top scientific journals globally, with a high citation rate and influence in both academic and public spheres. **Does *Science* publish non-research content?** Yes, in addition to research articles, *Science* features editorials, news, policy analyses, and reviews, providing context for scientific advancements and their societal implications. ## Why It Matters *Science* is a cornerstone of global scientific communication, bridging disciplines and fostering collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and the public. As the flagship journal of the AAAS, it plays a pivotal role in validating and disseminating high-impact research, from foundational discoveries to cutting-edge innovations. Its rigorous peer-review process ensures the credibility of published work, preventing the spread of flawed or misleading findings. By covering diverse fields—from climate science to artificial intelligence—*Science* informs critical decisions in medicine, technology, environmental policy, and beyond. The journal’s influence extends beyond academia. It shapes public understanding of science through accessible summaries, policy recommendations, and coverage of controversial or emerging topics. Its global reach, with editions in multiple languages and a strong digital presence, makes it a unifying force in the international research community. *Science* also serves as a historical record of scientific progress, documenting milestones like the discovery of the structure of DNA, the Human Genome Project, and advancements in renewable energy. Moreover, *Science* reflects the evolving role of science in society. It addresses ethical dilemmas, such as gene editing and AI governance, and advocates for evidence-based policymaking. By highlighting interdisciplinary research, it encourages collaboration across traditional academic boundaries, accelerating solutions to complex challenges like pandemics and climate change. In an era of misinformation, *Science* remains a trusted source of authoritative knowledge, reinforcing the importance of empirical evidence and critical thinking. ## Notable For - **Multidisciplinary Scope**: One of the few journals publishing high-impact research across natural, social, and formal sciences. - **Prestige and Influence**: Consistently ranked among the top scientific journals globally, with a high citation rate and broad readership. - **Historical Legacy**: Founded in 1880, it is one of the oldest continuously published scientific journals. - **Rigorous Peer Review**: Known for its stringent evaluation process, ensuring the quality and reliability of published research. - **Global Reach**: Available in 62 language editions on Wikipedia and distributed internationally. - **Award-Winning**: Recipient of the Princess of Asturias Award and the George Polk Award, recognizing its contributions to science communication. - **Affiliation with AAAS**: Serves as the flagship journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a leading non-profit promoting scientific collaboration. - **Digital Innovation**: Early adopter of online publishing, with a robust digital archive and open-access initiatives. - **Policy Impact**: Research published in *Science* frequently informs government policies, international agreements, and public health guidelines. - **Interdisciplinary Focus**: Encourages collaboration across fields, publishing groundbreaking work at the intersection of disciplines. - **Notable Alumni**: Edited by prominent scientists like Marcia McNutt, who later led the National Academy of Sciences. - **Cultural Influence**: Featured in media and referenced in discussions on science, technology, and society. - **Archival Access**: Digitized historical issues available through the Internet Archive, preserving decades of scientific history. - **Social Media Presence**: Active engagement on platforms like Twitter, Mastodon, and Facebook, amplifying its reach to non-academic audiences. - **Ethical Leadership**: Addresses contemporary challenges like research integrity, reproducibility, and the societal impact of science. ## Body ### Definition and Scope *Science* is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research, reviews, and news across all major scientific disciplines. It is the official journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), founded in 1848 to promote scientific collaboration and education. The journal’s mission is to advance scientific knowledge by disseminating high-quality, innovative research to a global audience. ### History and Evolution *Science* was established in 1880 by the AAAS, with its first issue published in July of that year. It was preceded by *The Scientific Monthly*, founded in 1915, which later merged with *Science* to consolidate the AAAS’s publishing efforts. Over its 140+ year history, *Science* has chronicled major scientific milestones, including Einstein’s theory of relativity, the discovery of the structure of DNA, and the development of CRISPR gene-editing technology. The journal has adapted to technological advancements, transitioning from print-only to a hybrid digital-print model. It was an early adopter of online publishing, launching its website in the 1990s and later expanding to social media platforms like Twitter (@ScienceMagazine) and Mastodon. Historical issues have been digitized and made available through the Internet Archive, ensuring accessibility for researchers and the public. ### Publisher and Affiliations *Science* is published by the AAAS, a non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The AAAS is one of the world’s largest scientific societies, with a mission to advance science, engineering, and innovation for the benefit of all people. In addition to *Science*, the AAAS publishes other journals, including *Science Advances* and *Science Translational Medicine*, and organizes the annual AAAS meeting, one of the largest multidisciplinary scientific conferences. The journal is affiliated with notable figures in science communication and research. Marcia McNutt, a geophysicist and former editor-in-chief of *Science*, later served as president of the National Academy of Sciences and director of the U.S. Geological Survey. Nicholas Wade, a British science writer, has contributed to the journal’s coverage of genetics and evolutionary biology. ### Editorial Process and Peer Review *Science* employs a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the validity and significance of published research. Submitted manuscripts undergo evaluation by expert reviewers in the relevant field, who assess the study’s methodology, originality, and impact. The journal’s editorial board, composed of leading scientists, makes final decisions on publication. The peer-review process is designed to be transparent and fair, with authors given the opportunity to respond to reviewer comments. *Science* also publishes editorials, news articles, and policy analyses, providing context for research findings and their broader implications. This blend of original research and commentary makes the journal a key resource for scientists, policymakers, and journalists. ### Content and Disciplines *Science* covers a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines, including: - **Natural Sciences**: Biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and environmental science. - **Social Sciences**: Psychology, sociology, economics, and political science. - **Formal Sciences**: Mathematics, computer science, and statistics. - **Interdisciplinary Fields**: Bioinformatics, neuroscience, and climate science. The journal publishes several types of content: - **Research Articles**: Original studies presenting new findings. - **Reviews**: Comprehensive summaries of current knowledge in a field. - **Perspectives**: Expert commentaries on recent advancements. - **News and Policy**: Analyses of scientific trends, funding, and regulations. - **Editorials**: Opinions on pressing issues in science and society. ### Digital Presence and Accessibility *Science* is available online at [science.org](https://www.science.org), offering both subscription-based and open-access content. The journal’s digital platform includes: - **Full-Text Articles**: Searchable database of published research. - **Multimedia**: Videos, podcasts, and interactive graphics. - **Archives**: Historical issues dating back to 1880, accessible via the Internet Archive. - **Social Media**: Active engagement on Twitter, Mastodon, and Facebook, where it shares research highlights and news. The journal’s digital strategy ensures global accessibility, with content available in multiple languages and formats. It also participates in open-access initiatives, making select articles freely available to the public. ### Impact and Influence *Science* is one of the most cited scientific journals in the world, with a high impact factor and broad readership. Its research findings frequently inform policy decisions, from climate change mitigation to public health guidelines. For example, studies published in *Science* have influenced international agreements like the Paris Climate Accord and shaped responses to global pandemics. The journal’s influence extends to education and public engagement. It is widely used in universities as a teaching resource and is referenced in media coverage of scientific breakthroughs. *Science* also plays a role in shaping scientific priorities, with its editorials and reviews highlighting emerging fields and research gaps. ### Awards and Recognition *Science* has received numerous accolades for its contributions to science communication: - **Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities**: Recognizes the journal’s role in advancing public understanding of science. - **George Polk Award**: Honors excellence in journalism, particularly for *Science*’s coverage of complex scientific issues. These awards reflect the journal’s commitment to accuracy, clarity, and impact in scientific reporting. ### Related Publications and Projects *Science* is part of a broader ecosystem of AAAS publications, including: - *Science Advances*: An open-access journal publishing high-quality research across disciplines. - *Science Translational Medicine*: Focuses on biomedical research with clinical applications. - *Science Signaling*: Covers cell signaling and regulatory biology. The journal is also linked to *The Scientific Monthly*, its predecessor, which published influential articles on science and society from 1915 to 1957. Together, these publications form a comprehensive record of scientific progress over the past century. ### Community and Engagement *Science* fosters a global community of researchers, educators, and science enthusiasts. It engages with readers through: - **Conferences**: The AAAS annual meeting, where scientists present cutting-edge research. - **Outreach Programs**: Initiatives to promote scientific literacy and public engagement. - **Social Media**: Platforms like Twitter and Mastodon, where it shares research updates and interacts with followers. The journal’s community includes Nobel laureates, policymakers, and students, reflecting its broad appeal and influence. ### Technical Specifications - **ISSN**: 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (electronic). - **CODEN**: SCIEAS. - **OCLC Number**: 17478. - **Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN)**: 001097667. - **NLM Unique ID**: 0404511. - **Frequency**: Weekly. - **Language**: Primarily English, with translations and summaries in other languages. - **Format**: Print and digital (PDF, HTML, and interactive formats). ### Challenges and Criticisms Like all high-impact journals, *Science* faces challenges related to reproducibility, publication bias, and the pressure to publish novel findings. The journal has implemented measures to address these issues, including: - **Reproducibility Checks**: Encouraging authors to share data and methodologies. - **Transparency Policies**: Requiring disclosure of funding sources and potential conflicts of interest. - **Diversity and Inclusion**: Promoting underrepresented voices in science through targeted outreach and editorial policies. ### Future Directions *Science* continues to evolve in response to changes in scientific research and communication. Key focus areas include: - **Open Access**: Expanding free access to research to promote global equity. - **Interdisciplinary Research**: Highlighting work at the intersection of traditional fields. - **Public Engagement**: Strengthening connections between scientists and the public through accessible content and outreach. - **Digital Innovation**: Leveraging new technologies, such as AI and interactive media, to enhance the presentation of research. ### Cultural and Historical Significance *Science* has documented some of the most significant scientific discoveries of the modern era. Its archives provide a historical record of how scientific understanding has evolved, from early 20th-century physics to 21st-century genomics. The journal’s role in shaping scientific discourse makes it an invaluable resource for historians, educators, and researchers. ### Notable Articles and Discoveries Some of the most influential papers published in *Science* include: - **Watson and Crick’s DNA Structure (1953)**: The double-helix model of DNA, a foundational discovery in molecular biology. - **First Human Genome Sequence (2001)**: A milestone in genomics with profound implications for medicine. - **CRISPR Gene Editing (2012)**: Revolutionary technology for precise genetic modification. - **Climate Change Research**: Numerous studies documenting the impacts of global warming and informing international policy. ### Global Reach and Multilingual Presence *Science* has a global readership, with its research cited by scientists, policymakers, and journalists worldwide. The journal’s Wikipedia page is available in 62 languages, reflecting its international influence. It collaborates with institutions and researchers across continents, fostering a diverse and inclusive scientific community. ### Ethical and Policy Contributions *Science* regularly publishes articles on the ethical implications of scientific advancements, such as gene editing, artificial intelligence, and climate engineering. It also features policy analyses that inform government decisions on science funding, regulation, and education. By addressing these topics, the journal plays a critical role in shaping responsible scientific progress. ### Legacy and Continuing Influence As one of the oldest and most respected scientific journals, *Science* remains at the forefront of scientific publishing. Its commitment to excellence, innovation, and public engagement ensures its continued relevance in an era of rapid technological and societal change. The journal’s legacy is not only in the discoveries it has published but also in its role as a champion for evidence-based knowledge and global collaboration. ## References 1. [Source](https://www.aaas.org/publications/science-magazine/editors) 2. ISSN Portal 3. Biodiversity Heritage Library 4. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013 5. ERA 2010 journal list 6. Scopus 7. BFI 2012 journal list 8. BFI 2019 journal list 9. [Source](https://projectjaraid.github.io) 10. [X](https://twitter.com/ScienceMagazine) 11. [Muck Rack](https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/sciencemag) 12. OpenCitations Corpus 13. [Source](https://mstdn.science/@bertozzi/109316529219069692) 14. National Collective Archive of Periodicals 15. YouTube API 16. [Source](https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=0036-8075) 17. [Internet Domains Wikibase](https://domains.wikibase.cloud/entity/Q134)