# Real-time estimation of the volumetric efficiency in spark ignition engines using an adaptive sliding-mode observer

> Research article (Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2015) · cited 10× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W2314401423](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W2314401423)  
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