# R12-2

> first production monolithic integrated circuits made in the Soviet Union

**Wikidata**: [Q131740274](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131740274)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/r12-2

## Summary
R12-2 is the first production monolithic integrated circuit made in the Soviet Union, developed in the early 1960s. It was part of the 116 series of Germanium integrated circuits used in aviation applications, marking a significant milestone in Soviet electronics engineering.

## Key Facts
- First production monolithic integrated circuit in the Soviet Union
- Part of the 116 series of Germanium integrated circuits for aviation
- Developed in 1960–1961 by engineers including Yury Osokin and Lev Reimerov
- Manufactured by Svetlana (prototype) and Alfa (industrial production)
- Used in the Gnom and 116 series integrated circuits
- Contains two bipolar junction transistors and two resistors
- Made of Germanium semiconductor material
- Discontinued in 1995
- Originated in the Soviet Union (Latvia)

## FAQs
### Q: Who invented R12-2?
A: R12-2 was developed by Soviet engineers including Yury Osokin (1961) and Lev Reimerov (1960), with contributions from Yevgeny Lyakhovich.

### Q: What was R12-2 used for?
A: It was part of the 116 series of Germanium integrated circuits designed for aviation applications, such as the Gnom system.

### Q: When was R12-2 discontinued?
A: R12-2 was discontinued in 1995, marking the end of its production in the Soviet Union.

### Q: What materials were used in R12-2?
A: The circuit was made using Germanium semiconductor material, a key component in early Soviet integrated circuits.

### Q: What is the significance of R12-2?
A: R12-2 was a groundbreaking achievement in Soviet electronics, being the first production monolithic integrated circuit in the country, paving the way for further advancements in microelectronics.

## Why It Matters
R12-2 holds historical significance as the first production monolithic integrated circuit in the Soviet Union, marking a pivotal moment in the country's electronics development. Developed in the early 1960s, it was part of the 116 series of Germanium integrated circuits used in aviation, demonstrating Soviet engineering capabilities in microelectronics. The circuit's creation by engineers like Yury Osokin and Lev Reimerov contributed to the Soviet Union's growing expertise in semiconductor technology. Despite its discontinuation in 1995, R12-2 remains a landmark in Soviet electronics history, showcasing the country's early achievements in integrated circuit manufacturing.

## Notable For
- First production monolithic integrated circuit in the Soviet Union
- Part of the 116 series of Germanium integrated circuits for aviation
- Developed by Soviet engineers including Yury Osokin and Lev Reimerov
- Manufactured by Svetlana (prototype) and Alfa (industrial production)
- Contains two bipolar junction transistors and two resistors
- Made of Germanium semiconductor material
- Discontinued in 1995

## Body
### Development and Inception
R12-2 was developed in the early 1960s, with key contributions from Soviet engineers including Yury Osokin (1961) and Lev Reimerov (1960). The circuit was part of the broader 116 series of Germanium integrated circuits designed for aviation applications. Yevgeny Lyakhovich played a significant role in its development, with references to his work available in academic sources.

### Manufacturing and Production
The prototype of R12-2 was manufactured by Svetlana, while industrial production was handled by Alfa. The Zhigulyovsk Radio Plant was responsible for packaging the integrated circuit. The circuit's production spanned from 1960 to 1961, with industrial manufacturing beginning in 1961.

### Technical Specifications
R12-2 is a monolithic integrated circuit made of Germanium, containing two bipolar junction transistors and two resistors. It is classified as a NOR gate and is part of the broader category of integrated circuits. The circuit's schematic and structure are available in public domain resources.

### Applications and Usage
R12-2 was used in the Gnom and 116 series integrated circuits, which were part of aviation systems. The circuit's applications were primarily in the aerospace sector, reflecting its development for avionic use.

### Historical Context and Legacy
R12-2 is significant as the first production monolithic integrated circuit in the Soviet Union, marking a milestone in the country's electronics development. It was discontinued in 1995, but its legacy continues to be studied in the context of Soviet microelectronics history. The circuit's development and production processes provide insights into early Soviet semiconductor technology.

### Related Entities
R12-2 is related to the 116 series integrated circuits, another series of Germanium integrated circuits developed in the 1960s. It is also said to be the same as the 102 series integrated circuits, indicating overlaps in Soviet integrated circuit development.

## References

1. [Source](https://www.electronics.ru/files/article_pdf/0/article_436_763.pdf)
2. [Source](https://www.ecworld.ru/media/mems/Liahovich.pdf)
3. [Source](http://www.155la3.ru/k102.htm)