# Qalawun

> Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1279–1290)

**Wikidata**: [Q249121](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249121)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/qalawun

## Summary
Qalawun was a Mamluk Sultan who ruled Egypt and Syria from 1279 to 1290. He is known for his military campaigns, including the Second Battle of Homs against the Mongols and the fall of Tripoli in 1289, which marked a significant victory in the Crusades.

## Biography
- Born: [date and place not specified]
- Nationality: Egyptian
- Education: [not specified]
- Known for: Leading military campaigns against the Mongols and Crusader states
- Employer(s): Mamluk Sultanate
- Field(s): Military leadership, governance

## Contributions
- Led the Mamluk forces in the Second Battle of Homs (1281), defeating the Mongols.
- Captured the city of Tripoli in 1289, a major victory in the Crusades.
- Ruled Egypt and Syria as Sultan from 1279 to 1290.

## FAQs
**What was Qalawun's role in the Mamluk Sultanate?**
Qalawun served as the Sultan of Egypt and Syria, ruling from 1279 to 1290. He was a key military commander and ruler during a critical period of the Mamluk Sultanate's history.

**What are Qalawun's most notable military achievements?**
Qalawun is best known for his victory in the Second Battle of Homs (1281) against the Mongols and the capture of Tripoli in 1289, which weakened Crusader influence in the region.

**Where did Qalawun work?**
Qalawun served as the ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate, which encompassed Egypt, Hejaz, and the Levant.

## Why They Matter
Qalawun's military campaigns had a lasting impact on the balance of power in the Middle East. His victories against the Mongols and Crusaders strengthened the Mamluk Sultanate and delayed the full collapse of Crusader states in the region. His reign marked a period of significant military and political influence in the Levant.

## Notable For
- Defeated the Mongols in the Second Battle of Homs (1281).
- Captured Tripoli in 1289, a major Crusader stronghold.
- Ruled Egypt and Syria as Sultan from 1279 to 1290.

## Body
### Early Life and Rise to Power
Qalawun was a member of the Mamluk dynasty, which ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517. Little is known about his early life, but he rose to prominence as a military commander and eventually became Sultan.

### Military Campaigns
Qalawun is most remembered for his military campaigns. In 1281, he led the Mamluk forces in the Second Battle of Homs, where they defeated the Mongols. This victory was a significant blow to Mongol expansion in the region. In 1289, he captured the city of Tripoli, a major Crusader stronghold, which marked a major setback for the Crusades.

### Rule as Sultan
Qalawun ruled Egypt and Syria from 1279 to 1290. His reign was marked by continued military campaigns and efforts to consolidate Mamluk power. His victories against the Mongols and Crusaders strengthened the Mamluk Sultanate and delayed the full collapse of Crusader states in the Levant.

### Legacy
Qalawun's military achievements had a lasting impact on the Middle East. His victories against the Mongols and Crusaders helped to stabilize the region and delayed the full collapse of Crusader states. His reign marked a period of significant military and political influence in the Levant, shaping the broader history of the Mamluk Sultanate.

## References

1. Dictionary of African Biography
2. Integrated Authority File
3. International Standard Name Identifier
4. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
5. CERL Thesaurus
6. [Oxford African American Studies Center](https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49792)
7. [Source](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kalavun)