# Pliny the Younger

> Roman lawyer, author and magistrate (61 – c.113)

**Wikidata**: [Q168707](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168707)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/pliny-the-younger

## Summary
Pliny the Younger was a Roman lawyer, author, and magistrate who lived from approximately 61 to 113 AD. He is best known for his literary work, the *Epistulae*, a series of personal missives directed to his friends. Throughout his career, he held various positions including writer, politician, poet, historian, military personnel, official, jurist, and civil servant within Ancient Rome.

## Biography
- **Born:** 61 or 62
- **Nationality:** Ancient Rome
- **Education:** [Not provided in source material]
- **Known for:** Roman law, literature (specifically the *Epistulae*), and government service as a magistrate
- **Employer(s):** Government of Ancient Rome (as magistrate, official, civil servant)
- **Field(s):** Law, literature, politics, history, military service

## Contributions
- **Authored the *Epistulae*:** Created a series of personal missives directed to his friends, which stands as his notable work and contributes to the literary and historical record of the era.
- **Public Service:** Served Ancient Rome in multiple capacities, including as a magistrate, official, and civil servant, while also engaging in military service.
- **Property Management:** Owned and operated Villa Commedia, a villa with an inception date recorded as 1 AD.

## FAQs
**What are the alternative names for Pliny the Younger?**
He is known by several aliases, including C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, the Younger Pliny, and Gaius Caecilius Cilo.

**What are the primary occupations associated with Pliny the Younger?**
He is classified as a writer, politician, poet, lawyer, historian, military personnel, official, jurist, and civil servant.

**What is the *Epistulae*?**
The *Epistulae* is a series of personal missives written by Pliny the Younger and directed to his friends, serving as his most notable literary work.

**When did Pliny the Younger live?**
He was born in either 61 or 62 and died around 113 AD.

**What property was owned by Pliny the Younger?**
He owned and operated Villa Commedia, a villa documented with an inception date of 1 AD.

## Why They Matter
Pliny the Younger is significant for his multifaceted contributions to Roman society and letters. As a writer and author, his *Epistulae* provide valuable insight into the personal and social dynamics of the Roman elite. His extensive career as a lawyer, magistrate, and politician highlights the integration of intellectual and administrative life in Ancient Rome. Furthermore, his roles as a historian and jurist ensure his continued relevance in the study of Roman history and law, while his documentation in numerous global authority files underscores his enduring legacy in the historical record.

## Notable For
- **Literary Achievement:** Authorship of the *Epistulae*, a series of personal letters to friends.
- **Multifaceted Career:** Simultaneously held roles as a lawyer, author, magistrate, poet, historian, military personnel, official, jurist, and civil servant.
- **Roman Citizenship:** Prominent figure in Ancient Rome during the 1st and early 2nd centuries.
- **Property Ownership:** Possession of Villa Commedia.
- **Extensive Documentation:** Possesses a vast array of cross-referenced identifiers in international library and authority databases, including VIAF, ISNI, GND, and LCCN.

## Body

### Identity and Names
Pliny the Younger is identified by several names in historical records and databases. His primary aliases include C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, the Younger Pliny, and Gaius Caecilius Cilo. He is classified as an instance of a human (*Homo sapiens*) and holds citizenship in Ancient Rome.

### Professional Roles and Occupations
Pliny the Younger's professional life was characterized by a diverse range of occupations within the Roman state and intellectual spheres.
*   **Writer and Author:** As a writer, he utilized written words to communicate ideas and produce literary works. His status as an author is cemented by his notable work.
*   **Politician and Official:** He was a person who held positions in government, serving as an official who held a high government office and as a politician.
*   **Legal Profession:** He functioned as a lawyer, a legal professional recognized globally as a subclass of a jurist. This field encompasses the practice of law and legal engineering.
*   **Jurist:** Beyond practicing law, he was a legal scholar or academic who studied, taught, and developed law.
*   **Civil Servant:** He was employed by the government department or agency of Ancient Rome.
*   **Military Service:** He served as military personnel, indicating participation in an organized armed military force.
*   **Historian and Poet:** He contributed to the exploration and presentation of history as a scholar and wrote poetry as a poet.

### Literary Works
The most significant contribution of Pliny the Younger to literature is the *Epistulae*. This work is described as a series of personal missives directed to his friends. It serves as a primary example of his output as a writer and author.

### Property and Assets
Pliny the Younger owned and operated Villa Commedia. This villa is recorded with an inception date of 1 AD and is associated with the country code Q38.

### Life Span
Historical records place his birth between 61 and 62 AD. He died approximately in 113 AD.

### Database and Authority Records
Pliny the Younger is extensively indexed in information systems worldwide, reflecting his historical importance. He is identified by numerous codes and IDs across various platforms:
*   **Library and Authority Files:** He is present in the Library of Congress (n79075182), BNF (11920050t), and GND (118595091).
*   **International Identifiers:** His records include ISNI (0000000120990775), VIAF (multiple IDs including 10638270 and 7919164604120137910003), and ORCID (A000131386).
*   **Academic and Scientific Databases:** He is listed in the UMLS (C0682240), MESH (D033241), and NDL (00560594).
*   **Encyclopedic References:** He is the subject of articles in Wikipedia and other encyclopedias, with a sitelink count of 99.
*   **Other Identifiers:** He is tracked via systems such as IdRef (027076474), BNE (XX875701), and CiNii (DA00889419).

## References

1. BeWeB
2. Integrated Authority File
3. Q131987583
4. The Fine Art Archive
5. Library of the World's Best Literature
6. Czech National Authority Database
7. International Standard Name Identifier
8. Virtual International Authority File
9. BnF authorities
10. CiNii Research
11. MusicBrainz
12. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
13. Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia
14. [Source](http://digitale.beic.it/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&vid=BEIC&vl%283134987UI0%29=creator&vl%28freeText0%29=Plinius%20Caecilius%20Secundus%20Gaius)
15. [Source](https://www.bartleby.com/library/bios/index13.html)
16. CONOR.SI
17. BBC Things
18. CERL Thesaurus
19. Shakeosphere
20. Treccani's Enciclopedia on line
21. Enciclopedia Treccani
22. LIBRIS. 2012
23. Dizionario di Storia
24. Pliny the Younger - RationalWiki. RationalWiki
25. FactGrid
26. Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands
27. Provenio
28. HMML Authority File
29. Digital Scriptorium Catalog