# Parmigianino

> Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker (1503–1540)

**Wikidata**: [Q9348](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9348)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigianino)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/parmigianino

## Summary
Parmigianino was an Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker (1503–1540) known for his innovative use of perspective, chiaroscuro, and dramatic compositions. His most famous works include *The Circumcision* (1523) and *Madonna with the Long Neck* (1530), which showcase his mastery of religious and mythological themes.

## Biography
- Born: 1503 (exact location unknown)
- Nationality: Italian
- Education: Trained under Niccolò dell'Abbate
- Known for: Pioneering Mannerist painting techniques
- Employer(s): Worked for various patrons, including the Bardi family
- Field(s): Painting, printmaking

## Contributions
- *The Circumcision* (1523): A key work in the development of Mannerist style, featuring elongated figures and dynamic composition.
- *Madonna with the Long Neck* (1530): Demonstrated his skill in religious painting with a striking, elongated Madonna figure.
- *Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror* (1523): An early example of self-portraiture in art.
- *Bardi Altarpiece* (1521): A significant commission for the Bardi family, showcasing his early career.
- *Turkish Slave* (1533): A mythological painting depicting a captivating slave, reflecting his interest in historical and allegorical themes.
- *Portrait of Gian Galeazzo Sanvitale* (1524): A notable portrait of a cardinal, highlighting his ability to capture likeness and character.

## FAQs
- **What style of art did Parmigianino pioneer?**
  Parmigianino is best known for his contributions to the Mannerist style, characterized by elongated figures, dramatic use of perspective, and innovative compositions.

- **Who were Parmigianino’s major patrons?**
  He worked for the Bardi family and other wealthy patrons, including the Cardinal Gian Galeazzo Sanvitale.

- **What is Parmigianino’s most famous painting?**
  *The Circumcision* (1523) is one of his most celebrated works, showcasing his mastery of Mannerist techniques.

- **Did Parmigianino create any self-portraits?**
  Yes, his *Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror* (1523) is an early example of self-portraiture in art.

## Why They Matter
Parmigianino’s work laid the foundation for later Mannerist artists, influencing the development of perspective and composition in Renaissance painting. His innovative techniques and dramatic use of light and shadow set new standards in the art world. His legacy continues to be studied and admired for its technical brilliance and artistic innovation.

## Notable For
- Pioneered Mannerist painting techniques, including elongated figures and dynamic compositions.
- Created *The Circumcision* (1523), a landmark work in Mannerist art.
- Produced *Madonna with the Long Neck* (1530), a striking example of religious painting.
- Developed innovative self-portraiture, as seen in *Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror* (1523).

## Body
### Early Life and Training
Parmigianino was born in 1503, though his exact birthplace is unknown. He trained under Niccolò dell'Abbate, a key figure in the development of Mannerist style. His early works reflect the influence of his mentor, particularly in the use of perspective and chiaroscuro.

### Career and Major Works
Parmigianino’s career flourished in the early 1520s, with commissions from wealthy patrons such as the Bardi family. His *Bardi Altarpiece* (1521) is a significant early work, showcasing his growing mastery of composition. His *The Circumcision* (1523) and *Madonna with the Long Neck* (1530) are among his most famous paintings, demonstrating his ability to blend religious and mythological themes with innovative techniques.

### Influence and Legacy
Parmigianino’s work had a profound impact on the development of Mannerist art. His use of perspective and dramatic compositions influenced later artists, including those in the High Renaissance and Baroque periods. His legacy continues to be studied for its technical brilliance and artistic innovation.

## References

1. Integrated Authority File
2. RKDartists
3. BnF authorities
4. Union List of Artist Names
5. artist list of the National Museum of Sweden. 2016
6. [Source](https://www.museabrugge.be/collection/work/id/2014_GRO0599_III)
7. The Fine Art Archive
8. International Standard Name Identifier
9. CiNii Research
10. Bibliothèque nationale de France
11. Virtual International Authority File
12. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
13. [Source](http://digitale.beic.it/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&vid=BEIC&vl%283134987UI0%29=creator&vl%28freeText0%29=Parmigianino)
14. CONOR.SI
15. CERL Thesaurus
16. Quora
17. LIBRIS. 2012
18. [Source](https://www.bellasartes.gob.ar/)
19. Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands
20. catalogo.beniculturali.it
21. HMML Authority File