# Optimal energy management of a hybrid electric powertrain system using improved particle swarm optimization

> Research article (Applied Energy, 2015) · cited 103× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W2106868107](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W2106868107)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/optimal-energy-management-of-a-hybrid-electric-powertrain-system-using-improved-particle-swarm-optimization