# Noisy Perturbations for Estimating Query Difficulty in Dense Retrievers

> Research article (Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 2023) · cited 21× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W4387848881](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W4387848881)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/noisy-perturbations-for-estimating-query-difficulty-in-dense-retrievers