# Namibia

> country in Southern Africa

**Wikidata**: [Q1030](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/namibia

## Summary
Namibia is a sovereign country located in Southern Africa, known for its vast landscapes, diverse cultures, and rich history. It gained independence in 1990 and has since established itself as a republic with a democratic government, playing a significant role in regional and international organizations.

## Key Facts
- **Official Name**: Republic of Namibia (also known as Republiek van Namibië and Republik Namibia)
- **Independence**: Gained sovereignty on March 21, 1990, replacing South-West Africa
- **Capital**: Windhoek
- **Area**: 825,615 square kilometers
- **Population**: 2,533,794 (as of 2017)
- **Official Language**: English
- **Currency**: Namibian dollar (also uses the South African rand since 1961)
- **Government**: Republic with a democratic system
- **President**: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (as of March 21, 2025)
- **Prime Minister**: Elijah Ngurare (as of March 21, 2025)
- **Time Zone**: UTC+02:00 (standard time)
- **Driving Side**: Left
- **Mains Voltage**: 220 volts at 50 Hz
- **Electrical Plug Types**: British and related types (BS 546)
- **Emergency Phone Numbers**: 112 (general), 10111 (police)
- **Telephone Country Code**: +264
- **Top-Level Internet Domain**: .na
- **ISO Codes**: NA (alpha-2), NAM (alpha-3), 516 (numeric)
- **Human Development Index (HDI)**: 0.615 (as of 2021)
- **Gini Coefficient**: 59.1 (as of 2015)
- **Life Expectancy**: 64.388 years (as of 2016)
- **Demonym**: Namibian (with various linguistic variations)
- **National Anthem**: "Namibia, Land of the Brave"
- **National Motto**: "Unity, Liberty, Justice" (with "Endless horizons" as a tourism slogan)
- **Highest Point**: Brandberg
- **Lowest Point**: Atlantic Ocean (0 meters)
- **Coordinates**: Latitude -23, Longitude 17
- **Borders**: Angola, Zambia, Botswana, South Africa
- **Member of**: United Nations (since 1990), Commonwealth of Nations (since 1990), African Union, World Trade Organization (since 1995), and many others
- **National Symbols**: Flag of Namibia, Coat of arms of Namibia
- **Cultural Diversity**: Multiple languages spoken including English, Afrikaans, German, and various indigenous languages
- **Economic Indicators**: Nominal GDP of $12.45 billion (2021), $12.61 billion (2022)
- **Unemployment Rate**: 19% (as of 2014)
- **VAT Rate**: 15%
- **Retirement Age**: 60 years old
- **Age of Majority**: 21 years old
- **Marriageable Age**: 21 years old (for all genders)
- **Demographics**: Male population 1,238,563 (2022), Female population 1,328,449 (2022)
- **Urban Population**: 1,385,057 (2022)
- **Rural Population**: 1,181,955 (2022)
- **Birth Rate**: 26.921 (2022)
- **Death Rate**: 11.457 (2022)
- **Total Fertility Rate**: 3.522 (2014)
- **Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)**: 0.402 (2021)
- **Happy Planet Index Score**: 36.8 (2019)
- **Democracy Index**: 6.52 (2020)
- **BTI Status Index**: 6.49 (2022)
- **BTI Governance Index**: 5.07 (2022)
- **Historical Population Data**: Available from 1960 to 2017
- **Historical Life Expectancy Data**: Available from 1999 to 2016
- **Historical HDI Data**: Available from 1990 to 2021
- **Historical IHDI Data**: Available from 2010 to 2021
- **Historical Nominal GDP Data**: Available for 2021 and 2022
- **Historical Unemployment Rate Data**: Available for 2014
- **Historical BTI Status Index Data**: Available from 2006 to 2022
- **Historical BTI Governance Index Data**: Available from 2006 to 2022

## FAQs

**What is the capital of Namibia?**
The capital of Namibia is Windhoek, which has been the administrative center since the country's independence in 1990.

**What languages are spoken in Namibia?**
Namibia has a diverse linguistic landscape. English is the official language, but other widely spoken languages include Afrikaans, German, and various indigenous languages such as Lozi, Kwanyama, Zemba, Juǀʼhoansi, Ekoka !Kung, Naro, Kwambi, Mbukushu, Namibian Sign Language, Gciriku, Fwe, Sekele, Haiǁom, Kuhane, Yeyi, Kwangali, Khoekhoe, Taa, Khwe, Herero, Ndonga, Tswana, and Mbalanhu.

**What is the currency of Namibia?**
Namibia uses the Namibian dollar as its official currency. Additionally, the South African rand has been used in the country since 1961.

**What are the major economic indicators of Namibia?**
Namibia's nominal GDP was $12.45 billion in 2021 and $12.61 billion in 2022. The unemployment rate was 19% in 2014, and the VAT rate is 15%.

**What is the political structure of Namibia?**
Namibia is a republic with a democratic system. The country has a President, currently Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, and a Prime Minister, currently Elijah Ngurare. The legislative body is the Parliament of Namibia.

**What are the major geographical features of Namibia?**
Namibia is known for its vast landscapes, including the Namib Desert, which is one of the oldest deserts in the world. The highest point in Namibia is Brandberg, and the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean.

**What is the demographic profile of Namibia?**
As of 2022, Namibia has a population of approximately 2,533,794, with a male population of 1,238,563 and a female population of 1,328,449. The urban population is 1,385,057, and the rural population is 1,181,955.

**What is the education system like in Namibia?**
Namibia has a well-established education system with a focus on primary and secondary education. The country has made significant strides in improving access to education, although challenges remain, particularly in rural areas.

**What are the major cultural aspects of Namibia?**
Namibia has a rich cultural heritage influenced by its diverse ethnic groups. The country is known for its traditional music, dance, and art, as well as its vibrant festivals and celebrations.

**What is the healthcare system like in Namibia?**
Namibia has a healthcare system that aims to provide accessible and affordable healthcare services to its citizens. The country faces challenges such as a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, but efforts are being made to improve healthcare infrastructure and services.

**What are the major environmental issues in Namibia?**
Namibia faces several environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, and water scarcity. The country is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as droughts and floods.

**What is the transportation infrastructure like in Namibia?**
Namibia has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, including a network of roads, railways, and airports. The country's main international airport is Hosea Kutako International Airport, located near Windhoek.

**What are the major industries in Namibia?**
Namibia's economy is diverse, with major industries including mining (particularly diamonds and uranium), agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. The country is also a significant producer of fish and seafood.

**What is the history of Namibia?**
Namibia has a rich and complex history, marked by periods of colonial rule and struggle for independence. The country gained independence from South Africa in 1990 and has since established itself as a sovereign nation with a democratic government.

**What are the major tourist attractions in Namibia?**
Namibia is known for its stunning natural landscapes and wildlife. Major tourist attractions include the Namib Desert, Etosha National Park, the Skeleton Coast, and the Fish River Canyon.

**What is the climate like in Namibia?**
Namibia has a predominantly arid climate, with hot days and cool nights. The country experiences a rainy season from November to April, although rainfall is generally low and unpredictable.

**What are the major sports in Namibia?**
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Namibia, followed by rugby, cricket, and athletics. The country has a strong tradition in long-distance running and has produced several world-class athletes.

**What is the role of Namibia in international organizations?**
Namibia is an active member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, African Union, and World Trade Organization. The country plays a significant role in regional and international affairs, particularly in the context of Southern Africa.

**What are the major challenges facing Namibia?**
Namibia faces several challenges, including high unemployment, income inequality, and environmental degradation. The country is also grappling with issues related to healthcare, education, and infrastructure development.

**What is the future outlook for Namibia?**
Namibia has a promising future, with a young and growing population, abundant natural resources, and a stable democratic government. The country is well-positioned to leverage its strengths and address its challenges to achieve sustainable development and economic growth.

## Why It Matters
Namibia is significant for its role as a stable democracy in Southern Africa, its rich cultural heritage, and its abundant natural resources. The country's independence in 1990 marked a turning point in the region's history, and its subsequent development has made it a key player in regional and international affairs. Namibia's diverse landscapes and wildlife make it a unique destination for tourism, while its mining and agricultural sectors contribute significantly to its economy. The country's commitment to democratic governance and human rights sets an example for other nations in the region.

## Notable For
- **Independence**: Namibia gained independence from South Africa in 1990, marking a significant milestone in the country's history.
- **Diverse Landscapes**: The country is home to the Namib Desert, one of the oldest deserts in the world, and other stunning natural landscapes.
- **Cultural Diversity**: Namibia has a rich cultural heritage influenced by its diverse ethnic groups, with multiple languages spoken.
- **Stable Democracy**: Namibia is known for its stable democratic government and commitment to human rights.
- **Natural Resources**: The country is rich in natural resources, including diamonds, uranium, and fish, which contribute significantly to its economy.
- **Tourism**: Namibia is a popular tourist destination, known for its wildlife, national parks, and unique landscapes.
- **International Memberships**: Namibia is an active member of several international organizations, playing a significant role in regional and international affairs.
- **Economic Growth**: The country has experienced steady economic growth, with a focus on mining, agriculture, and tourism.
- **Environmental Challenges**: Namibia faces several environmental challenges, including desertification and water scarcity, which are being addressed through various initiatives.
- **Education and Healthcare**: The country has made significant strides in improving access to education and healthcare, although challenges remain.

## Body

### History
Namibia has a rich and complex history that dates back to prehistoric times. The country was inhabited by various indigenous groups, including the San, Nama, and Damara peoples, before the arrival of European colonizers. In the late 19th century, Namibia became a German colony known as German South-West Africa. After World War I, the territory was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on March 21, 1990, following a long struggle for self-determination. Since independence, Namibia has established itself as a sovereign nation with a democratic government and has played an active role in regional and international affairs.

### Geography
Namibia is located in Southern Africa and covers an area of 825,615 square kilometers. The country is known for its vast and diverse landscapes, including the Namib Desert, the Kalahari Desert, and the Central Plateau. Namibia shares borders with Angola, Zambia, Botswana, and South Africa. The country's highest point is Brandberg, and its lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean. Namibia's climate is predominantly arid, with hot days and cool nights. The country experiences a rainy season from November to April, although rainfall is generally low and unpredictable.

### Government and Politics
Namibia is a republic with a democratic system of government. The country's political structure includes a President, who is the head of state, and a Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The legislative body is the Parliament of Namibia, which consists of the National Assembly and the National Council. Namibia has a multi-party system, with the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) being the dominant political party since independence. The country is known for its stable democratic governance and commitment to human rights.

### Economy
Namibia has a diverse economy with major industries including mining, agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. The country is rich in natural resources, particularly diamonds and uranium, which are significant contributors to its economy. Namibia's agricultural sector is also important, with livestock farming and crop production being key activities. The tourism industry is a major source of revenue, with the country's stunning landscapes and wildlife attracting visitors from around the world. Namibia's economy has experienced steady growth, although challenges such as high unemployment and income inequality remain.

### Culture
Namibia has a rich cultural heritage influenced by its diverse ethnic groups. The country is known for its traditional music, dance, and art, as well as its vibrant festivals and celebrations. Namibia's cultural diversity is reflected in its multiple languages, including English, Afrikaans, German, and various indigenous languages. The country's cultural heritage is celebrated through various events and initiatives, including the annual Windhoek Karneval and the Namibia Cultural Festival.

### Education
Namibia has a well-established education system with a focus on primary and secondary education. The country has made significant strides in improving access to education, although challenges remain, particularly in rural areas. Namibia's education system is structured to provide free and compulsory education for all children, with a focus on literacy and numeracy. The country also has several institutions of higher learning, including the University of Namibia and the Namibia University of Science and Technology.

### Healthcare
Namibia has a healthcare system that aims to provide accessible and affordable healthcare services to its citizens. The country faces challenges such as a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, but efforts are being made to improve healthcare infrastructure and services. Namibia's healthcare system includes a network of hospitals, clinics, and health centers, with a focus on primary healthcare and disease prevention. The country is also working to address issues related to maternal and child health, as well as non-communicable diseases.

### Environment
Namibia faces several environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, and water scarcity. The country is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as droughts and floods. Namibia is taking steps to address these challenges through various initiatives, including reforestation programs, water conservation efforts, and renewable energy projects. The country is also a signatory to several international environmental agreements, including the Paris Agreement on climate change.

### Transportation
Namibia has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, including a network of roads, railways, and airports. The country's main international airport is Hosea Kutako International Airport, located near Windhoek. Namibia's road network includes both paved and gravel roads, with the Trans-Kalahari Highway being a major route connecting the country to neighboring Botswana and South Africa. The country's railway system is operated by TransNamib, which provides passenger and freight services.

### Tourism
Namibia is a popular tourist destination known for its stunning natural landscapes and wildlife. Major tourist attractions include the Namib Desert, Etosha National Park, the Skeleton Coast, and the Fish River Canyon. The country's tourism industry is a significant source of revenue, with visitors coming from around the world to experience its unique landscapes and wildlife. Namibia is also known for its eco-tourism initiatives, which aim to promote sustainable tourism practices and conserve the country's natural resources.

### Sports
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Namibia, followed by rugby, cricket, and athletics. The country has a strong tradition in long-distance running and has produced several world-class athletes. Namibia's national football team, the Brave Warriors, has competed in several international tournaments, including the Africa Cup of Nations. The country also has a vibrant rugby scene, with the Namibian national rugby team, the Welwitschias, competing in the Rugby World Cup.

### International Relations
Namibia is an active member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, African Union, and World Trade Organization. The country plays a significant role in regional and international affairs, particularly in the context of Southern Africa. Namibia has established diplomatic relations with several countries, including Canada, Germany, Australia, Israel, Angola, Botswana, Cuba, Finland, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Sweden, Taiwan, Zambia, Zimbabwe, the United States, Russia, North Korea, China, India, Bangladesh, and Kenya.

### Demographics
As of 2022, Namibia has a population of approximately 2,533,794, with a male population of 1,238,563 and a female population of 1,328,449. The country's urban population is 1,385,057, and its rural population is 1,181,955. Namibia's population is diverse, with multiple ethnic groups and languages spoken. The country's demographic profile is characterized by a young and growing population, with a high birth rate and a relatively low death rate.

### Economic Indicators
Namibia's nominal GDP was $12.45 billion in 2021 and $12.61 billion in 2022. The country's unemployment rate was 19% in 2014, and the VAT rate is 15%. Namibia's economy is diverse, with major industries including mining, agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. The country is rich in natural resources, particularly diamonds and uranium, which are significant contributors to its economy. Namibia's economic growth has been steady, although challenges such as high unemployment and income inequality remain.

### Education and Healthcare
Namibia has made significant strides in improving access to education and healthcare, although challenges remain. The country's education system is structured to provide free and compulsory education for all children, with a focus on literacy and numeracy. Namibia's healthcare system aims to provide accessible and affordable healthcare services to its citizens, with a focus on primary healthcare and disease prevention. The country faces challenges such as a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, but efforts are being made to improve healthcare infrastructure and services.

### Environmental Challenges
Namibia faces several environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, and water scarcity. The country is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as droughts and floods. Namibia is taking steps to address these challenges through various initiatives, including reforestation programs, water conservation efforts, and renewable energy projects. The country is also a signatory to several international environmental agreements, including the Paris Agreement on climate change.

### Transportation and Tourism
Namibia has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, including a network of roads, railways, and airports. The country's tourism industry is a significant source of revenue, with visitors coming from around the world to experience its unique landscapes and wildlife. Namibia is known for its eco-tourism initiatives, which aim to promote sustainable tourism practices and conserve the country's natural resources.

### Sports and International Relations
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Namibia, followed by rugby, cricket, and athletics. The country has a strong tradition in long-distance running and has produced several world-class athletes. Namibia is an active member of several international organizations, playing a significant role in regional and international affairs. The country has established diplomatic relations with several countries, contributing to its global presence and influence.

### Future Outlook
Namibia has a promising future, with a young and growing population, abundant natural resources, and a stable democratic government. The country is well-positioned to leverage its strengths and address its challenges to achieve sustainable development and economic growth. Namibia's commitment to democratic governance, human rights, and environmental sustainability sets an example for other nations in the region and beyond.

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