# Muhammad

> Arabian political leader and the founder of Islam (c. 570–632)

**Wikidata**: [Q9458](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9458)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/muhammad

## Summary
Muhammad was an Arabian political leader and the founder of Islam, active from approximately 570 to 632 CE. He is best known as the prophet through whom the Islamic revelation was received, leading the early Muslim community and establishing the first Islamic state. His life and teachings form the cornerstone of Islamic faith and governance.

## Biography
- Born: c. 570 (exact date and place unknown)
- Nationality: Arabian
- Education: No formal education recorded; self-taught through revelation
- Known for: Founding Islam, leading military expeditions, and establishing the first Islamic state
- Employer(s): None; self-employed as a preacher and political leader
- Field(s): Religion, politics, military leadership

## Contributions
Muhammad founded Islam, a monotheistic religion that spread rapidly across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. He led key military expeditions, including the Battle of Badr (624), Battle of Uhud (625), and the Battle of the Trench (627), which solidified Muslim control over Mecca and Medina. His teachings, compiled in the Quran, became the religious and legal foundation of Islam. Additionally, he established the first Islamic state, which later expanded through conquests and diplomacy.

## FAQs
**What was Muhammad's role in Islam?**
Muhammad was the prophet through whom the Islamic revelation was received. He preached the teachings of Islam, led military campaigns, and established the first Islamic state in Medina.

**Where did Muhammad live?**
Muhammad lived in the Arabian Peninsula, primarily in Mecca and later Medina, where he founded the first Islamic community.

**What battles did Muhammad lead?**
Muhammad led several major battles, including the Battle of Badr (624), Battle of Uhud (625), Battle of the Trench (627), Battle of Khaybar (628), Battle of Hunayn (630), and Battle of Tabouk (630), which expanded Muslim control over Arabia.

**What is the Quran?**
The Quran is the holy scripture of Islam, believed to have been revealed to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel. It contains his teachings, laws, and prophecies.

**What is the first Islamic state?**
The first Islamic state was established in Medina in 622 CE, following Muhammad's migration (Hijra) from Mecca. It was the foundation of the Islamic Caliphate.

## Why They Matter
Muhammad's life and teachings revolutionized the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, introducing a new monotheistic religion that spread rapidly. His leadership in military campaigns and political governance established the framework for the Islamic world. The Quran and Hadith (sayings and actions of Muhammad) remain central to Islamic jurisprudence, ethics, and daily life. Muhammad's influence extends to global politics, culture, and philosophy, shaping the identity of billions of Muslims worldwide.

## Notable For
- Founder of Islam, the world's second-largest religion
- Leader of the first Islamic state in Medina (622 CE)
- Author of the Quran, the holy scripture of Islam
- Military leader of key battles, including Badr, Uhud, and the Trench
- Established the Five Pillars of Islam, including prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage
- Inspired the Ulu'l-azm category of prophets mentioned in the Quran

## Body
### Early Life and Revelation
Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE. As a young adult, he began receiving revelations from the archangel Gabriel, which he recorded in the Quran. His early life was marked by poverty and social isolation before gaining followers. In 610 CE, he began publicly preaching the message of Islam, challenging the polytheistic practices of the Quraysh tribe.

### Rise of Islam
Muhammad's teachings gained traction, and he gained a small following. In 622 CE, he migrated (Hijra) to Medina, establishing the first Islamic community. This event marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar and the foundation of the Islamic state.

### Military Leadership
Muhammad led several military expeditions, including:
- **Battle of Badr (624)**: The first major battle between Muslims and the Quraysh, resulting in a decisive Muslim victory.
- **Battle of Uhud (625)**: A significant conflict that tested Muslim resolve but ended in a stalemate.
- **Battle of the Trench (627)**: A failed siege by Arab and Jewish forces against Medina.
- **Battle of Khaybar (628)**: A successful Muslim victory that expanded their resources.
- **Battle of Hunayn (630)**: A conflict with Bedouins that ended in a Muslim defeat.
- **Battle of Tabouk (630)**: A military expedition that secured trade routes.

### Establishment of the Islamic State
Following his migration to Medina, Muhammad established the first Islamic state, which later expanded through conquests and diplomacy. The Islamic Caliphate grew under his successors, spreading Islam across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.

### Legacy and Influence
Muhammad's life and teachings have had a profound impact on global politics, culture, and philosophy. The Quran and Hadith remain central to Islamic jurisprudence, ethics, and daily life. His leadership in military campaigns and political governance established the framework for the Islamic world. Muhammad's influence extends to global politics, culture, and philosophy, shaping the identity of billions of Muslims worldwide.

### Personal Life and Possessions
Muhammad owned several animals, including:
- **Muezza**: His favorite cat, which he often mentioned in his teachings.
- **Qaswa**: His favorite camel, which fell on its knees when he delivered the last clause of the Quran.
- **Yaʽfūr**: His donkey, used as a mount.
- **Duldul**: His mule, which he used for transportation.

### Related Figures and Organizations
Muhammad's life and teachings have inspired numerous figures and organizations, including:
- **Averroes**: An Arab Andalusian Muslim writer and philosopher who studied under Muhammad's teachings.
- **Avicenna**: A Persian polymath who contributed to Islamic medicine and philosophy.
- **Muhammad Iqbal**: A South Asian Islamic philosopher, poet, and politician who was influenced by Muhammad's teachings.
- **Muhammadiyah**: A religious organization in Indonesia founded in 1912, which promotes Islamic education and community development.

### Cultural and Historical Significance
Muhammad's life and teachings have been documented in various historical and cultural works, including:
- **Siyer-i Nebi**: A 17th-century Ottoman copy of the "Edinburgh codex" depicting Muhammad.
- **Qur'an**: The holy scripture of Islam, which contains Muhammad's teachings, laws, and prophecies.
- **Hadith**: A collection of Muhammad's sayings and actions, which are considered authoritative in Islamic jurisprudence.

### Conclusion
Muhammad's life and teachings have had a profound impact on global politics, culture, and philosophy. His leadership in military campaigns and political governance established the framework for the Islamic world. The Quran and Hadith remain central to Islamic jurisprudence, ethics, and daily life. Muhammad's influence extends to global politics, culture, and philosophy, shaping the identity of billions of Muslims worldwide.

## References

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12. [Source](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Muhammad)
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