# Mongolia

> country in East Asia

**Wikidata**: [Q711](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/mongolia

## Summary
Mongolia is a sovereign, landlocked country located in East Asia, officially known as the Mongol Uls, with its capital and largest city being Ulaanbaatar. It is a parliamentary republic that gained its current constitutional status on February 12, 1992, following a history that includes the dissolution of the Chinese Empire and membership in the United Nations since 1961. Spanning over 1.5 million square kilometers, it is bordered exclusively by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, serving as a significant geopolitical bridge between these two powers.

## Key Facts
*   **Official Name:** Mongol Uls (Mongolian: Монгол Улс; Traditional Mongolian: ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ).
*   **Capital City:** Ulaanbaatar.
*   **Total Area:** 1,564,116 square kilometers.
*   **Population:** 3,409,939 (as of 2021).
*   **Independence/Constitution:** The current constitution was adopted on February 12, 1992; the state traces its inception to 1911.
*   **Head of State:** Khurelsukh Ukhnaa (serving since June 25, 2021).
*   **Head of Government:** Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene (serving from January 27, 2021, to June 13, 2025); Gombojavyn Zandanshatar assumed office on June 13, 2025.
*   **Currency:** Mongolian tögrög.
*   **Official Language:** Mongolian (specifically Khalkha Mongolian).
*   **Time Zones:** UTC+08:00 (standard); Asia/Hovd for western provinces; Asia/Choibalsan for eastern provinces.
*   **International Codes:** ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: MN; Alpha-3: MNG; Numeric: 496; IOC: MGL; Telephone: +976.
*   **Top-Level Domain:** .mn.
*   **Driving Side:** Right.
*   **Emergency Numbers:** 101 (Fire), 102 (Police), 103 (Medical), 105 (General).
*   **Highest Point:** Hüiten Peak (4,374 meters).
*   **Lowest Point:** Hoh Nuur (560 meters).
*   **Mean Elevation:** 1,528 meters above sea level.
*   **Human Development Index (HDI):** 0.739 (2021).
*   **Gini Coefficient:** 32.7 (2018).
*   **VAT Rate:** 10%.
*   **Electricity:** 220 Volts at 50 Hz; Plug types Europlug and Type E.
*   **Marriageable Age:** 18 years for all genders.
*   **Public Holiday:** Tsagaan Sar.

## FAQs
**What are the geographical boundaries and location of Mongolia?**
Mongolia is a landlocked nation situated in East Asia, positioned between two major powers: the People's Republic of China to the south and Russia to the north. It covers a vast territory of over 1.5 million square kilometers, with its northernmost point at latitude 52.15 and its southernmost at 41.5818. The country is divided into 21 provinces plus the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, and features diverse geography ranging from the highest peak, Hüiten, to the lowest point at Hoh Nuur.

**How is Mongolia governed and who leads the country?**
Mongolia operates as a parliamentary system where the President serves as the head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of government. The legislative body is the State Great Khural, and the highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court of Mongolia. Current leadership includes President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa, who took office in June 2021, and Prime Minister Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene, who served until June 2025 before being succeeded by Gombojavyn Zandanshatar.

**What is the economic and demographic profile of Mongolia?**
The country has a population of approximately 3.4 million people, with a birth rate of 20.447 and a death rate of 5.479 per 1,000 inhabitants as of 2022. Its economy is supported by a nominal GDP of over $16.8 billion (2022), with a VAT rate of 10% and a Gini coefficient of 32.7 indicating moderate income inequality. The official currency is the Mongolian tögrög, and the central bank is the Bank of Mongolia.

**Which international organizations is Mongolia a member of?**
Mongolia is an active member of the United Nations, having joined in 1961, and is part of numerous other global bodies including the World Trade Organization, UNESCO, the World Health Organization, and the International Telecommunication Union. It also holds membership in regional and specialized groups such as the Asian Development Bank, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (since 2012), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Notably, it is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

**What are the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the population?**
The primary language spoken is Mongolian, specifically the Khalkha dialect, though Russian, Kazakh, Uyghur, Tuvan, and Buriat are also used within the country. The national anthem, adopted in 1950, and the national motto "Go Nomadic, Experience Mongolia" reflect its cultural heritage. The population is predominantly urban, with over 2.3 million people living in cities as of 2022, while the rural population stands at approximately 1.05 million.

## Why It Matters
Mongolia holds significant geopolitical importance as a strategic buffer state between Russia and China, two of the world's most influential powers. Its vast, sparsely populated territory is rich in natural resources, making it a critical player in global mining and energy markets. The country's transition to a parliamentary democracy in 1992 marked a pivotal shift in Central Asian politics, serving as a model for peaceful political reform in the post-Soviet era. Furthermore, Mongolia's unique nomadic culture and preservation of traditional lifestyles offer invaluable insights into human adaptation to extreme environments, while its commitment to nuclear non-proliferation (as a signatory to the NPT) underscores its role in global security. The nation's high rate of out-of-school children in previous decades and its ongoing efforts to improve education and human development indices highlight its active engagement in addressing global developmental challenges.

## Notable For
*   **Geographic Extremes:** Possesses the highest point in the country at Hüiten Peak (4,374m) and the lowest at Hoh Nuur (560m), with a mean elevation of 1,528m.
*   **Political History:** Successfully transitioned from a single-party state to a multi-party parliamentary democracy, adopting a new constitution on February 12, 1992.
*   **Cultural Preservation:** Maintains a distinct nomadic heritage, celebrated through the national holiday Tsagaan Sar and the tourism slogan "Go Nomadic, Experience Mongolia."
*   **Diplomatic Neutrality:** Maintains diplomatic relations with a wide array of nations, including North Korea (since 1948), the United States, and China, while serving as an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
*   **Demographic Trends:** Exhibits a high birth rate (20.447 in 2022) and a rapidly growing population, which has more than tripled since 1960.
*   **Infrastructure Specifics:** Utilizes a unique combination of time zones (UTC+08:00, Asia/Hovd, Asia/Choibalsan) to manage its vast east-west expanse.
*   **Digital Identity:** Assigned the country code top-level domain .mn and the mobile country code 428.
*   **Educational Challenges:** Historically faced significant numbers of out-of-school children, with 53,090 recorded in 2006, prompting targeted educational reforms.

## Body

### Geography and Physical Characteristics
Mongolia is a vast landlocked country in East Asia, covering an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers. Its territory is defined by extreme geographical diversity, ranging from the highest point, Hüiten Peak, which stands at 4,374 meters, to the lowest point, Hoh Nuur, at 560 meters. The country's mean elevation is 1,528 meters above sea level. The northernmost point is located at latitude 52.15, while the southernmost point is at 41.5818. The easternmost point lies at longitude 119.9314, and the westernmost at 87.7347. Mongolia shares its borders exclusively with the People's Republic of China to the south and Russia to the north. The country is divided into 21 provinces (aimags) and the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. These provinces include Arkhangai, Bayan-Ölgii, Bayankhongor, Bulgan, Darkhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Govi-Altai, Govisümber, Khentii, Khovd, Khövsgöl, Ömnögovi, Orkhon, Övörkhangai, Selenge, Sükhbaatar, Töv, Uvs, and Zavkhan. The country's geoshape is represented by the data file "Data:MN.map," and it is located in the East Asia region according to UN statistics.

### Political Structure and Governance
Mongolia functions as a sovereign state with a parliamentary system of government. The head of state is the President, currently held by Khurelsukh Ukhnaa since June 25, 2021. Previous presidents include Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (2009–2017) and Khaltmaagiin Battulga (2017–2021). The head of government is the Prime Minister; Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene served from January 27, 2021, to June 13, 2025, followed by Gombojavyn Zandanshatar. The legislative body is the State Great Khural, and the highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court of Mongolia. The central bank is the Bank of Mongolia. The country's official name is "Mongol Uls" in Mongolian, with the English name "Mongolia." The state replaced the Chinese Empire in its historical timeline. The government operates under a constitution adopted on February 12, 1992. The country is classified as a "free country" by Freedom House.

### Demographics and Population
As of 2021, Mongolia's population was recorded at 3,409,939. The population has shown consistent growth, rising from 955,508 in 1960 to over 3.4 million in 2021. The demographic breakdown includes a male population of 1,685,387 and a female population of 1,712,979 in 2022. The urban population stands at 2,342,494, while the rural population is 1,055,872 as of 2022. The birth rate was 20.447 per 1,000 people in 2022, and the death rate was 5.479. Life expectancy reached 73 years in 2022. The total fertility rate was estimated at 1.93 in 2021. The country has a marriageable age of 18 years for all genders. In 2006, there were 53,090 out-of-school children, a figure that has been the subject of educational policy interventions. The demonym for citizens includes "Mongol," "Mongolian," and various gendered and plural forms in multiple languages, including Arabic, Russian, Hebrew, Italian, and German.

### Economy and Infrastructure
Mongolia's economy is characterized by a nominal GDP of $16,810,883,361 in 2022. The currency is the Mongolian tögrög. The country has a VAT rate of 10% and a Gini coefficient of 32.7 as of 2018, indicating moderate income inequality. The Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.739 in 2021, reflecting steady progress in human development. The unemployment rate was 5% in 2014. The country's electrical infrastructure operates at 220 volts and 50 Hz, utilizing Europlug and Type E sockets. The top-level internet domain is .mn, and the telephone country code is +976. The mobile country code is 428. The driving side is right. Emergency services are accessible via 101 for fire, 102 for police, 103 for medical, and 105 for general emergencies. The country's official website is https://www.gov.mn/, available in Mongolian and English.

### International Relations and Memberships
Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, having joined on October 27, 1961. It is also a member of the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (since November 21, 2012), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (since February 14, 1991). Other memberships include the International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, ASEAN Regional Forum, Asian Development Bank, Interpol (since November 4, 1991), and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (since April 29, 1997). Mongolia is a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. It holds observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Diplomatic relations are maintained with numerous countries, including Germany (since 1974), Russia, China, Japan, France, Turkey, Canada, Australia, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Norway, Singapore, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, the United States, North Korea (since October 15, 1948), India, and Hungary.

### Culture, Language, and Society
The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, with Khalkha Mongolian being the primary dialect. Other languages spoken include Mongolian Sign Language, Southern Mongolian, Russian, Kazakh, Uyghur, Tuvan, and Mongolia Buriat. The national anthem, adopted in 1950, is the "National anthem of Mongolia." The national motto is "Go Nomadic, Experience Mongolia." A significant public holiday is Tsagaan Sar. The country's flag features a specific design, with historical variations used between 1945–1992 and 1992–2011. The coat of arms is the Emblem of Mongolia. The country is named after the Mongols. The national symbol includes the unicode character 🇲🇳. The country has a rich cultural heritage, reflected in its inclusion in various encyclopedias and its representation in global media.

### Historical Context and Inception
Mongolia's modern statehood traces its inception to 1911, with the current constitutional framework established on February 12, 1992. The country replaced the Chinese Empire in its historical lineage. It has been described in numerous historical sources, including the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947), the Sytin Military Encyclopedia, the Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, Otto's encyclopedia, the Gujin Tushu Jicheng, the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, and The New Student's Reference Work. The country's history is also documented in the history of Mongolia topic.

### Administrative Divisions and Locations
The country is composed of 21 provinces and the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. The provinces include Arkhangai, Bayan-Ölgii, Bayankhongor, Bulgan, Darkhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Govi-Altai, Govisümber, Khentii, Khovd, Khövsgöl, Ömnögovi, Orkhon, Övörkhangai, Selenge, Sükhbaatar, Töv, Uvs, and Zavkhan. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is a distinct administrative entity. The country's coordinates are approximately 46°N, 105°E. The easternmost point is at 46.8476°N, 119.9314°E, and the westernmost at 48.8805°N, 87.7347°E. The northernmost point is at 52.15°N, 98.92°E, and the southernmost at 41.5818°N, 105.0065°E.

### Data and Identification Codes
Mongolia is identified by numerous international codes and identifiers. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code is MN, alpha-3 is MNG, and numeric is 496. The IOC country code is MGL. The telephone country code is +976. The top-level domain is .mn. The mobile country code is 428. The maritime identification digits are 457. The UNDP country code is MON. The GS1 country code is 865. The FIPS 10-4 code is MG. The UIC numerical country code is 31, and the alphabetical code is MGL. The ITU letter code is MNG. The country is also identified in various databases such as Wikidata, Freebase, Geonames, and WorldCat. The factgrid item ID is Rawaki Island, and the data commons ID is country/MNG. The country is listed in the Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 list.

### Social and Environmental Indicators
Mongolia has a Happy Planet Index score of 24.5 as of 2019. The country's democracy index was 6.42 in 2021. The BTI status index was 6.45 in 2022, and the BTI governance index was 5.9 in 2022. The country has a high rate of out-of-school children, with 53,090 recorded in 2006. The number of out-of-school children has fluctuated over the years, with 61,695 in 2005 and 143,838 in 1999. The country's life expectancy has increased from 62.446 years in 1999 to 73 years in 2022. The total fertility rate has decreased from 2.216 in 1999 to 1.93 in 2021. The country's population density is low, reflecting its vast land area and relatively small population. The country is also home to various invasive species, as documented in the Invasive Species Compendium.

### Media and Communication
Mongolia has a presence in various media platforms, including a subreddit (r/mongolia) established on August 26, 2008. The country is covered by news outlets such as the New York Post, Newsweek, and the Kyiv Independent. The country's topic is featured on BBC News, Channel News Asia, and France 24. The country's social media followers number 43,535 as of May 6, 2023. The country's official website is https://www.gov.mn/, and it has a presence on Google Maps. The country's topic is also featured on Wikipedia, Wikisimpsons, and various other online encyclopedias. The country's language is supported in numerous Wikipedia editions, including English, Mongolian, Russian, Chinese, and many others.

### Education and Research
Mongolia's education system has faced challenges, with a significant number of out-of-school children in the past. The country has made efforts to improve education, with the number of out-of-school children decreasing from 143,838 in 1999 to 53,090 in 2006. The country's human development index has improved over the years, reaching 0.739 in 2021. The country's life expectancy has also increased, reflecting improvements in healthcare and living standards. The country's total fertility rate has decreased, indicating a shift in demographic trends. The country's population is growing, with a birth rate of 20.447 and a death rate of 5.479 in 2022. The country's urban population is increasing, with 2,342,494 people living in cities as of 2022. The country's rural population is 1,055,872, reflecting the ongoing urbanization trend.

### Tourism and Culture
Mongolia is a popular tourist destination, known for its nomadic culture and vast landscapes. The country's tourism slogan is "Go Nomadic, Experience Mongolia." The country's national holiday is Tsagaan Sar, which is a significant cultural event. The country's flag and coat of arms are symbols of national pride. The country's anthem is a source of national identity. The country's language is a key aspect of its culture. The country's history is rich and diverse, with influences from various civilizations. The country's geography is unique, with a mix of mountains, deserts, and steppes. The country's climate is extreme, with cold winters and hot summers. The country's wildlife is diverse, with many endemic species. The country's cuisine is unique, with a focus on meat and dairy products. The country's music and art are also distinctive, reflecting its nomadic heritage.

### Conclusion
Mongolia is a unique and significant country in East Asia, with a rich history, diverse culture, and strategic geopolitical importance. Its transition to a parliamentary democracy, its commitment to international cooperation, and its efforts to improve human development make it an important player in the global community. The country's vast territory, unique geography, and nomadic heritage offer a fascinating glimpse into a way of life that is increasingly rare in the modern world. As Mongolia continues to develop and modernize, it remains a vital link between Russia and China, and a beacon of democracy and cultural preservation in Central Asia.

## References

1. [Parliamentary Address by Prime Minister of Mongolia Nyam-Osoryn Uchral. 2026](https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/parliamentary-address-by-prime-minister-of-mongolia-nyam-osoryn-uchral)
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34. [Статистикийн мэдээллийн нэгдсэн сан](https://1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573051/table-view/DT_NSO_0300_071V3)
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