# Marcus Garvey

> Jamaica-born British political activist, Pan-Africanist, orator, and entrepreneur (1887-1940)

**Wikidata**: [Q272504](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272504)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/marcus-garvey

## Summary
Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born British political activist, Pan-Africanist, orator, and entrepreneur who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Negro World newspaper, becoming a prominent leader in the early 20th-century Pan-African movement.

## Biography
- Born: 1887-08-17 (Jamaica)
- Nationality: Jamaican (British colonial subject)
- Education: Attended educational institutions in Jamaica (specific details not provided)
- Known for: Founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association and promoting Pan-Africanism
- Employer(s): Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, Negro World newspaper
- Field(s): Political activism, Pan-Africanism, journalism, entrepreneurship

## Contributions
Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League in 1914, establishing the Negro World newspaper as its official publication in 1918. He traveled extensively, giving speeches and lectures to promote his ideas about African independence and unity. His organization had chapters across the United States and internationally, with headquarters in New York City. He authored several publications and speeches advocating for the economic and political empowerment of people of African descent.

## FAQs
**What was Marcus Garvey's most significant achievement?**
He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Negro World newspaper, which became the primary vehicle for promoting Pan-Africanism and advocating for African independence.

**Where did Marcus Garvey work?**
He worked primarily with the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, serving as its leader and using the Negro World newspaper as the organization's official publication.

**What was Marcus Garvey's political ideology?**
He was a Pan-Africanist who advocated for the economic and political empowerment of people of African descent, promoting the idea of African independence and unity.

**What was the Negro World?**
It was a weekly newspaper founded by Garvey in 1918 as the official publication of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, used to disseminate his ideas and promote the organization's goals.

**What was Marcus Garvey's legacy?**
He became a prominent figure in the early 20th-century Pan-African movement, influencing later civil rights leaders and contributing to the development of Pan-African ideology.

## Why They Matter
Marcus Garvey's work fundamentally transformed the landscape of African diaspora politics and activism. His organization and publications provided a platform for African people to discuss their collective identity and aspirations for independence. He inspired generations of activists and leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, who later built upon his ideas about racial pride and self-determination. Without Garvey's efforts, the Pan-African movement might not have gained the momentum it did in the early 20th century, and the modern concept of African unity might not have developed as it did.

## Notable For
- Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League in 1914
- Established the Negro World newspaper in 1918 as the organization's official publication
- Received the Order of National Hero from the government of Jamaica in 1969
- Was a key figure in the early 20th-century Pan-African movement
- Traveled extensively to promote his ideas about African independence and unity
- Authored numerous speeches and publications advocating for the empowerment of people of African descent

## Body
### Early Life and Education
Marcus Garvey was born on August 17, 1887, in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. He received his education in Jamaica, though specific details about his academic background are not provided in the source material. His early experiences in Jamaica, including exposure to British colonial administration and the social conditions of the time, likely influenced his later political activism.

### Founding the UNIA and Negro World
In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) in New York City. The organization aimed to promote the economic and political empowerment of people of African descent worldwide. The following year, he established the Negro World newspaper as the official publication of the UNIA, which served as a primary vehicle for disseminating his ideas and promoting the organization's goals.

### Leadership and Expansion
Garvey's leadership of the UNIA was characterized by his charismatic oratory and his ability to mobilize large numbers of people. The organization grew rapidly, with chapters established across the United States and internationally. By the 1920s, the UNIA had become one of the largest African-American organizations in the country, with thousands of members.

### International Travel and Advocacy
Garvey traveled extensively throughout the United States and internationally, giving speeches and lectures to promote his ideas about African independence and unity. His speeches often emphasized the importance of racial pride and self-determination for people of African descent. He also established businesses and economic enterprises as part of his broader vision for African empowerment.

### Later Years and Legacy
Garvey's influence declined in the 1920s as the UNIA faced internal challenges and increased opposition from both white supremacist groups and some African-American leaders who viewed his ideas as too radical. He was eventually deported from the United States in 1927. Despite this, his legacy endured, and he was posthumously honored with the Order of National Hero by the government of Jamaica in 1969.

### Educational Affiliations
Garvey was educated at institutions in Jamaica, though specific details about his academic background are not provided in the source material. He later attended Birkbeck, University of London, though the duration and nature of his studies are not specified.

### Professional Affiliations
Garvey's professional affiliations included his role as the founder and leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, as well as his work with the Negro World newspaper. He was also affiliated with California State University, Fresno and Birkbeck, University of London, though the nature and duration of these affiliations are not detailed in the source material.

### Publications and Writings
Garvey authored numerous speeches and publications advocating for the empowerment of people of African descent. The Negro World newspaper, which he founded in 1918, served as the primary vehicle for disseminating his ideas and promoting the UNIA's goals. The newspaper featured articles, editorials, and news reports focused on African affairs and the struggles of people of African descent worldwide.

### Awards and Recognition
In 1969, Marcus Garvey was posthumously honored with the Order of National Hero by the government of Jamaica, recognizing his contributions to the nation's independence movement and his role as a leader in the Pan-African movement.

### Influence on Later Leaders
Garvey's ideas and activism influenced many later civil rights leaders and activists. His emphasis on racial pride and self-determination helped lay the groundwork for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. His legacy continues to be studied by scholars of African diaspora history and Pan-Africanism.

## References

1. Virtual International Authority File
2. African American Authors, 1745-1945 (1st edition)
3. BnF authorities
4. The Fine Art Archive
5. [Source](http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Glover-wants-Garvey-s-criminal-record-expunged_19232873)
6. Find a Grave
7. African-American Religious Leaders
8. International Standard Name Identifier
9. CiNii Research
10. MusicBrainz
11. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
12. SNAC
13. Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
14. Proleksis Encyclopedia
15. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
16. Integrated Authority File
17. BBC Things
18. Quora
19. LIBRIS. 2006