# Kingdom of Scotland

> historic sovereign kingdom on the British Isles from the 9th century and up to 1707

**Wikidata**: [Q230791](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230791)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/kingdom-of-scotland

## Summary
The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic sovereign kingdom on the British Isles that existed from the 9th century until 1707, when it united with the Kingdom of England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was a constitutional monarchy with Edinburgh as its capital and the pound Scots as its currency, and it played a significant role in shaping the modern world through its contributions to the Industrial Revolution, the American Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars.

## Key Facts
- **Inception**: 9th century
- **Dissolved**: April 30, 1707
- **Capital**: Edinburgh
- **Currency**: Pound Scots
- **Replaced by**: Kingdom of Great Britain (May 1, 1707)
- **Population**: 1,250,000 (estimated), 1,100,000 (estimated)
- **Coordinates**: 57°N, 5°W
- **Official Language**: Scottish Gaelic, Scots, English
- **Instance of**: Sovereign state, Historical country, Kingdom, Country
- **Replaced by**: Kingdom of Great Britain
- **Sitelink Count**: 75

## FAQs
**What was the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland?**
The capital of the Kingdom of Scotland was Edinburgh, which served as the political, economic, and cultural center of the kingdom.

**What was the currency used in the Kingdom of Scotland?**
The currency used in the Kingdom of Scotland was the pound Scots, which was introduced after the union of England and Scotland.

**What replaced the Kingdom of Scotland?**
The Kingdom of Scotland was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, which later became the United Kingdom in 1922.

**What were the official languages of the Kingdom of Scotland?**
The official languages of the Kingdom of Scotland were Scottish Gaelic, Scots, and English, which were spoken by the majority of the population.

**What were the major events that occurred during the reign of the Kingdom of Scotland?**
Major events during the reign of the Kingdom of Scotland included the Battle of Bannockburn (1314), the Union of the Crowns (1603), and the Acts of Union 1707, which led to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

**What were the notable figures associated with the Kingdom of Scotland?**
Notable figures associated with the Kingdom of Scotland include William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, and Mary, Queen of Scots, who played significant roles in the country's history and independence movements.

**What were the major industries in the Kingdom of Scotland?**
Major industries in the Kingdom of Scotland included agriculture, manufacturing, and trade, which contributed significantly to the kingdom's economy.

**What were the major cultural influences in the Kingdom of Scotland?**
Major cultural influences in the Kingdom of Scotland included the Gaelic culture, the Scottish Enlightenment, and the Romantic movement, which emphasized emotion and nature.

**What were the major political parties in the Kingdom of Scotland?**
Major political parties in the Kingdom of Scotland included the Whigs, who supported limited government and free trade, and the Tories, who supported a strong monarchy and mercantilism.

**What were the major military conflicts in the Kingdom of Scotland?**
Major military conflicts in the Kingdom of Scotland included the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Jacobite rebellions, and the Battle of Culloden (1746), which marked the end of the Jacobite cause.

## Why It Matters
The Kingdom of Scotland played a significant role in shaping the modern world. It was a pioneer in the Industrial Revolution, which transformed the economy and society of the kingdom. The kingdom also played a crucial role in the American Revolution, which led to the independence of the United States. Additionally, the Kingdom of Scotland was a major player in the Napoleonic Wars, which helped to establish British dominance in Europe. The kingdom's cultural and intellectual contributions, such as the Scottish Enlightenment and the Romantic movement, had a lasting impact on the world. Overall, the Kingdom of Scotland was a significant and influential entity that shaped the course of history.

## Notable For
- **Industrial Revolution**: The Kingdom of Scotland was a pioneer in the Industrial Revolution, which transformed the economy and society of the kingdom.
- **American Revolution**: The Kingdom of Scotland played a crucial role in the American Revolution, which led to the independence of the United States.
- **Napoleonic Wars**: The Kingdom of Scotland was a major player in the Napoleonic Wars, which helped to establish British dominance in Europe.
- **Cultural and Intellectual Contributions**: The Kingdom of Scotland made significant cultural and intellectual contributions, such as the Scottish Enlightenment and the Romantic movement, which had a lasting impact on the world.
- **Economic Growth**: The Kingdom of Scotland experienced significant economic growth, which contributed to its status as a major global power.
- **Political Stability**: The Kingdom of Scotland maintained political stability, which allowed it to focus on economic and cultural development.

## Body
### History
The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic sovereign kingdom on the British Isles that existed from the 9th century until 1707. It was a constitutional monarchy with Edinburgh as its capital and the pound Scots as its currency. The kingdom was formed by the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707, which was facilitated by the Acts of Union. The kingdom was succeeded by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, which later became the United Kingdom in 1922.

### Geography
The Kingdom of Scotland was located in Western Europe, with its capital at Edinburgh. The kingdom was bordered by the Kingdom of England to the south and the Irish Sea to the west. The kingdom had a diverse landscape, with mountains, forests, and coastal areas. The kingdom's coastline was over 3,000 miles long, making it one of the longest in Europe.

### Economy
The economy of the Kingdom of Scotland was based on agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. The kingdom was a major exporter of wool, grain, and timber. The kingdom also had a thriving financial sector, with Edinburgh being a major center for banking and insurance. The kingdom's economy was transformed by the Industrial Revolution, which led to the development of new industries and technologies.

### Society
The society of the Kingdom of Scotland was diverse, with a mix of rural and urban populations. The kingdom had a complex social hierarchy, with the aristocracy at the top and the working class at the bottom. The kingdom also had a vibrant cultural scene, with major contributions in literature, music, and the arts. The kingdom's society was marked by social reforms, such as the abolition of the slave trade and the extension of voting rights.

### Politics
The politics of the Kingdom of Scotland were characterized by the rivalry between the Whigs and the Tories. The Whigs supported limited government and free trade, while the Tories supported a strong monarchy and mercantilism. The kingdom's political system was marked by the rise of the middle class, which challenged the traditional power of the aristocracy. The kingdom also experienced significant political upheaval, such as the Wars of Scottish Independence and the Jacobite rebellions.

### Military
The military of the Kingdom of Scotland was one of the largest and most powerful in the world. The kingdom had a standing army of over 100,000 soldiers, which was supported by a network of fortifications and naval bases. The kingdom's military played a crucial role in the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Jacobite rebellions, and the Battle of Culloden (1746). The kingdom also had a significant naval presence, with a fleet of over 100 ships.

### Culture
The culture of the Kingdom of Scotland was marked by significant contributions in literature, music, and the arts. Major literary figures included William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, and Mary, Queen of Scots. Major musical figures included George Frideric Handel and Ludwig van Beethoven. Major artists included William Blake and J.M.W. Turner. The kingdom's cultural scene was also marked by the rise of the Romantic movement, which emphasized emotion and nature.

### Education
The education system of the Kingdom of Scotland was based on the principles of the Enlightenment, which promoted reason and individualism. The kingdom had a network of public schools, which were funded by the state and open to all children. The kingdom also had a thriving private education sector, with major contributions from universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. The kingdom's education system was marked by significant reforms, such as the introduction of co-education and the expansion of technical education.

### Science and Technology
The science and technology of the Kingdom of Scotland were marked by significant contributions in fields such as physics, chemistry, and engineering. Major scientific figures included Isaac Newton, who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, and Michael Faraday, who discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction. Major technological developments included the steam engine, which revolutionized transportation and industry, and the telegraph, which transformed communication.

### Sports
The sports scene of the Kingdom of Scotland was marked by significant contributions in fields such as cricket, football, and tennis. Major sporting events included the Olympic Games, which were held in Edinburgh in 1908, 1948, and 2012. The kingdom also had a thriving sports industry, with major contributions from clubs such as Arsenal and Chelsea.

### Media
The media landscape of the Kingdom of Scotland was diverse, with major contributions in fields such as print, broadcast, and digital media. Major newspapers included The Times and The Guardian. Major television networks included the BBC and ITV. Major digital platforms included Google and Facebook. The kingdom's media landscape was marked by significant reforms, such as the introduction of the Broadcasting Act, which regulated the content of television and radio programs.

### Transportation
The transportation system of the Kingdom of Scotland was marked by significant contributions in fields such as rail, road, and air transportation. Major rail networks included the London Underground and the British Rail. Major road networks included the M25 motorway and the A1 road. Major airports included Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport. The kingdom's transportation system was marked by significant reforms, such as the introduction of the National Rail network, which provided affordable and reliable train services.

### Environment
The environment of the Kingdom of Scotland was diverse, with major contributions in fields such as conservation, pollution, and climate change. Major conservation areas included the Lake District and the Peak District. Major pollution issues included air pollution and water pollution. Major climate change initiatives included the Paris Agreement, which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming.

### Demographics
The demographics of the Kingdom of Scotland were diverse, with major contributions in fields such as population, migration, and ethnicity. Major population trends included urbanization and aging. Major migration trends included immigration and emigration. Major ethnic groups included the English, the Scottish, and the Welsh. The kingdom's demographics were marked by significant reforms, such as the introduction of the National Health Service, which provided universal healthcare to all residents.

### Related Entities
- **Angus**: Council area of Scotland.
- **Perth**: City in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- **Kirkcaldy**: Town and former royal burgh in Fife, Scotland, UK.
- **Battle of Harlaw**: 1411 clan battle.
- **Scone**: Town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, UK.
- **Clan Erskine**: Noble family.
- **Unite**: English coin.
- **Scottish art**: Visual art made in what is now Scotland, or about Scottish subjects, since prehistoric times.
- **Battle of Killiecrankie**: 1689 battle of the First Jacobite Rising.
- **Royal burgh**: Former type of Scottish burgh.
- **Forteviot**: Village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, UK.
- **Archdiocese of St Andrews**: (Archdiocese 1472-1571), Scotland, Great Britain; Historical.
- **Battle of Inverurie**: 1308 battle in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
- **Battle of Lumphanan**: 1057 battle between Macbeth and Malcolm III of Scotland.
- **House of Burgh**: Ancient noble family in England and Ireland.
- **Battle of Cromdale**: 1690 battle.
- **Atholl**: Historical division in the Scottish Highlands.
- **Competitors for the Crown of Scotland**: 1290-1292 succession dispute in Scotland.
- **Bannockburn**: Town in Stirling, Scotland, UK.
- **Duke of Albany**: British aristocratic title.
- **Battle of Culblean**: 1335 Medieval battle.
- **Davidian Revolution**: Changes in Scotland during King David I.
- **House of FitzJames**: English noble family.
- **Battle of Sauchieburn**: 1488 battle in Scotland.
- **Battle of Annan**: Battle in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, UK.
- **Douglas Castle**: Castle in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK.
- **Earl of Dumbarton**: British earldom.
- **Marian civil war**: Period of conflict which followed the abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her escape from Loch Leven Castle in May 1568.
- **Siege of Leith**: 1560 Siege at Leith.
- **Midlothian**: Historic county of Scotland.
- **Earl of Argyll**: Scottish noble title.
- **Battle of Dupplin Moor**: 1332 battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence.
- **Clan Maxwell**: Noble family.
- **Darvel**: Town in East Ayrshire, Scotland, UK.
- **Battle of Dunbar**: 1296 battle during the First War of Scottish Independence.
- **Parliament of Scotland**: Historical legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland until 1707.
- **Melrose Abbey**: Partly ruined monastery in Melrose, Scotland.
- **Battle of Methven**: 1306 fought by Robert the Bruce.
- **Battle of Dunbar**: Battle during the 1650 English invasion of Scotland.
- **Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185**: Total solar eclipse of May 1, 1185.
- **Battle of Glen Trool**: 1307 battle.
- **University of Fraserburgh**: Scottish university (1592-1617).
- **Battle of Bannockburn**: 1314 battle during the First War of Scottish Independence.
- **Gleneagles Hotel**: Hotel near Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, UK.
- **Battle of the Pass of Brander**: Battle between Robert the Bruce and the MacDougalls of Argyll in 1308.
- **Battle of Loudoun Hill**: 1307 Medieval battle.
- **Battle of Duns**: 1372 battle.
- **Battle of Wester Kinghorn**: Battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence.
- **Peerage of Scotland**: Group of hereditary titles conferred upon the Scottish nobility prior to 1707.
- **Iona**: Island off the west coast of Scotland, UK.
- **House of Stuart**: British royal house of Scottish origin.
- **Treaty of Union**: Agreement in 1707 uniting England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- **Largs**: Coastal town in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK.
- **Ross and Cromarty**: Area in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.
- **Diocese of Ross (historical)**: (1100-1689) lost diocese in Highland, Scotland.
- **Royal Standard of Scotland**: Scottish Royal Banner of Arms.
- **Battle of Ancrum Moor**: 1545 battle in the War of the Rough Wooing.
- **Lord Reay**: Title in the Peerage of Scotland.
- **Battle of Falkirk**: 1298 battle of the First War of Scottish Independence.
- **Pictish**: Extinct language spoken by the Picts.
- **Rothesay Castle**: Castle in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK.
- **Battle of Pinkie**: 1547 Anglo-Scottish battle.
- **Union of the Crowns**: Personal union of the kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland from 1603.
- **Dundonald Castle**: Castle in South Ayrshire, Scotland, UK.
- **Treaty of Berwick**: Treaty that officially ended the Second War of Scottish Independence.
- **Battle of Dalrigh**: 1306 Scottish battle.
- **Commissioner in the Parliament of Scotland**: Representative of a burgh or shire in the Parliament of Scotland.
- **Diocese of the Isles**: Diocese in Scotland (c. 11 century-1689).
- **Monarch of Scotland**: Monarch of the Kingdom of Scotland.
- **Glasgow**: City in Scotland, United Kingdom.
- **Pound Scots**: Unit of currency in the Kingdom of Scotland.
- **Aberdeen**: City in Scotland, United Kingdom.
- **Massacre of Glencoe**: 1692 massacre which took place in Glen Coe, in the Highlands of Scotland.
- **Battle of Roslin**: 1303 battle.
- **William and Mary**: Coregency of William III and Mary II.
- **Scottish Marches**: Border area between England and Scotland in the medieval and early modern eras.
- **Battle of Inverkeithing**: Battle during the Third English Civil War (1651).
- **Battle of Bothwell Bridge**: 1679 musical work/composition.
- **Company of Scotland**: Scottish colonization company.
- **Battle of Langside**: 1568 opening battle of the Marian civil war in Scotland.
- **Battle of Boroughmuir**: 1335 battle.
- **Edinburgh**: Capital city of Scotland, UK.
- **Badenoch**: Traditional district in the Highland region of Scotland.
- **Acts of Union 1707**: Acts of Parliament creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

## References

1. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013