# Jawaharlal Nehru

> Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964

**Wikidata**: [Q1047](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/jawaharlal-nehru

## Summary

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889, in Prayagraj[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], and died of a myocardial infarction on May 27, 1964, in New Delhi[1][16][2][17][3][4][6][18][8][9][10][12][13][14][15][19][20][21][7][22][7]. He was subsequently buried at Raj Ghat and associated memorials[7]. He held citizenship in the British Raj, India, and the Dominion of India[7][23][24]. His parents were Motilal Nehru and Swarup Rani Nehru[7][25], and his siblings were Krishna Hutheesing and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit[7][26]. He married Kamala Nehru, who lived until 1936[7], and they had a daughter, Indira Gandhi[27][26][28]. He practiced Hinduism[7] and was educated at Harrow School, Trinity College, and City Law School[26][7].Nehru worked as a writer, politician, autobiographer, barrister, trade unionist, and freedom fighter[29][7][1][30][31][32][33][34]. His academic fields included natural science and political science[35], and he was influenced by Bertrand Russell[7]. He was a member of the Fabian Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[7]. His notable works include Glimpses of World History, The Discovery of India, and Letters from a Father to His Daughter[26].In government, he served as Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964, Minister of Defence in 1962, Minister of Finance in 1956, and as a Member of the Lok Sabha[7][36]. He received the Bharat Ratna, the Bintang Jasa, and a doctor honoris causa from Keiō University[7][37].

## Summary
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) was an Indian statesman, lawyer, and writer who served as the first Prime Minister of independent India from 1947 until his death in 1964. He is best known for his leadership in India's independence movement and his role in shaping the nation's early political and economic policies.

## Biography
- Born: November 14, 1889, in Allahabad, British India
- Nationality: Indian
- Education: Trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple, London; studied at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge
- Known for: Being India's first Prime Minister and a central figure in the Indian independence movement
- Employer(s): Government of India (Prime Minister, 1947–1964); Indian National Congress
- Field(s): Politics, law, writing, history

## Contributions
Jawaharlal Nehru made several landmark contributions to Indian society and global diplomacy:
- Authored the influential book *The Discovery of India* (1946), a comprehensive historical and philosophical reflection on Indian civilization.
- Wrote *Glimpses of World History* (1934), a collection of 196 letters exploring global historical events, which became widely read and remains a classic.
- Advocated for non-alignment in foreign policy, co-founding the Non-Aligned Movement, which influenced global geopolitics during the Cold War.
- Promoted secularism, scientific temper, and modernization in post-independence India.
- Oversaw the establishment of key institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).
- Led India’s first Five-Year Plan (1951–1956), focusing on agricultural and industrial development.
- Championed the policy of non-alignment in international relations, which became a cornerstone of Indian foreign policy.

## FAQs
### What is Jawaharlal Nehru most known for?
Jawaharlal Nehru is most known for being the first Prime Minister of independent India and a leading figure in the country's struggle for independence from British rule. He played a pivotal role in shaping India's political, economic, and social policies during his tenure.

### What were Jawaharlal Nehru’s major contributions to India?
Nehru contributed to India’s development by promoting secularism, scientific progress, and modernization. He was instrumental in founding major institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and AIIMS, and authored key works like *The Discovery of India* and *Glimpses of World History*.

### What is the Non-Aligned Movement, and how was Nehru involved?
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was a global initiative co-founded by Nehru, aimed at maintaining neutrality during the Cold War. Nehru was one of its founding leaders, advocating for peaceful coexistence and independence from Cold War alliances.

### What were Nehru’s educational and professional backgrounds?
Nehru was educated at Harrow School in the UK and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied natural sciences. He later trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple in London before returning to India to practice law and enter politics.

### What awards or honors did Nehru receive?
Nehru was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, in recognition of his contributions to the nation.

## Why They Matter
Jawaharlal Nehru’s legacy is foundational to modern India. As Prime Minister, he laid the groundwork for India’s democratic, secular, and scientific ethos. His vision for a modern, inclusive India influenced national policies in education, science, and public infrastructure. Nehru’s advocacy for non-alignment also shaped global diplomacy, particularly during the Cold War, positioning India as a leader among newly independent nations. His writings continue to inspire generations of leaders and scholars, and his policies remain central to India’s institutional development.

## Notable For
- First Prime Minister of independent India (1947–1964)
- Author of *The Discovery of India* and *Glimpses of World History*
- Co-founder and leader of the Non-Aligned Movement
- Recipient of the Bharat Ratna (posthumously)
- Architect of modern Indian institutions such as IITs and AIIMS
- Promoter of secularism, scientific temper, and democratic governance
- Influential figure in global decolonization and anti-imperial movements
- Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge
- Trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple, London

## Body
### Early Life and Education
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889, in Allahabad, British India, into an affluent family. His father, Motilal Nehru, was a prominent lawyer and political leader. Nehru received his early education at Harrow School in England and later attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied natural sciences. He continued his legal education at the Inner Temple in London, where he was called to the bar.

### Political Career and Leadership
Nehru became a central figure in the Indian National Congress and played a key role in India’s independence movement. He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and led India’s transition to independence in 1947. As the first Prime Minister, Nehru governed India until his death in 1964. His tenure emphasized secularism, democracy, and scientific progress.

### Contributions to Literature
Nehru authored several influential works:
- *The Discovery of India* (1946) — a historical and philosophical reflection on Indian civilization.
- *Glimpses of World History* (1934) — a collection of letters exploring global history, widely read and translated.

### Institutional Legacy
Nehru was instrumental in founding and developing key institutions:
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), established in the 1950s.
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, established in 1956.
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, named in his honor and established in 1969.
- Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, established in 1989.

### Foreign Policy and Global Influence
Nehru co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement in 1955, advocating for neutrality during the Cold War. This policy influenced India’s foreign relations and positioned it as a leader among newly independent nations. His vision helped shape India’s diplomatic stance on the global stage.

### Awards and Recognition
Nehru was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, in recognition of his contributions to the nation. His legacy is also commemorated through institutions, monuments, and public spaces named in his honor, including:
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)
- Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
- Nehru Planetarium
- Nehru Museum of Science and Technology
- Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata
- Nehru Bridge
- Nehru Cup (international cricket tournament)

### Personal and Cultural Legacy
Nehru’s personal life and cultural influence are reflected in:
- His role as a freedom fighter and political leader during India’s struggle for independence.
- His advocacy for children’s education, earning him the affectionate title "Chacha Nehru" (Uncle Nehru).
- His influence on Indian culture, including the naming of numerous public institutions, roads, and memorials.

### Family and Personal Connections
Nehru was the son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and political leader. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, later became Prime Minister of India, continuing the Nehru-Gandhi political legacy.

### Publications and Writings
Nehru’s literary and political works remain influential:
- *The Discovery of India* (1946) — a comprehensive historical and philosophical work.
- *Glimpses of World History* (1934) — a collection of letters exploring global history.
- His speeches and essays on Indian independence, democracy, and secularism continue to be studied and referenced.

### Educational and Scientific Advocacy
Nehru championed scientific temper and modern education in India. He supported:
- Expansion of higher education through institutions like IITs and AIIMS.
- Promotion of scientific research and technological development.
- Integration of education with national development goals.

### Political Philosophy and Vision
Nehru’s political philosophy emphasized:
- Secularism and unity in diversity.
- Democratic governance and social justice.
- Non-alignment in international relations, promoting peaceful coexistence.

### Legacy and Commemorations
Nehru’s legacy is preserved through:
- Institutions named in his honor, such as Jawaharlal Nehru University and Nehru Zoological Park.
- Public spaces like Nehru Place in Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.
- His posthumous recognition with the Bharat Ratna and continued reverence in Indian history.

## References

1. Integrated Authority File
2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)
3. [Jawaharlal Nehru](https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html)
4. [Source](http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Chou_En-lai.aspx)
5. [Source](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17487870701440598)
6. [Source](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AAk0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=TesFAAAAIBAJ&pg=797,1488998&dq=nehru+assassination&hl=en)
7. BnF authorities
8. Genealogics
9. [Source](http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/us/a-m-harvey-86-trainer-of-medical-education-leaders.html)
10. [Source](http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/02/world/for-2-women-in-india-heritage-torn-by-hate.html)
11. [jawaharlal Nehru](https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html)
12. [Jawaharlal nehru](https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html)
13. [Source](https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-jawaharlal-nehru/)
14. [Source](https://nehrufamily.wordpress.com/)
15. [Source](http://www.freepressjournal.in/featured-blog/indira-gandhi-was-not-related-to-mahatma-gandhi-heres-how-she-got-the-surname/1172246)
16. Czech National Authority Database
17. [Source](http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jawaharlal-Nehru/comments/)
18. [Source](http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/16/books/books-of-the-times-biography-of-nehru-from-a-new-point-of-view.html)
19. [Source](http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/opinion/sunday/friedman-egypt-the-next-india-or-the-next-pakista-.html)
20. [Source](http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080809/jsp/opinion/story_9667829.jsp)
21. [Source](http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/choosing-our-symbols/article3785546.ece)
22. [Source](http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3785546.ece)
23. [Source](http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/an-indian-journalists-indonesian-adventure/article4704555.ece)
24. International Standard Name Identifier
25. CiNii Research
26. MusicBrainz
27. [Source](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html)
28. [Source](https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html)
29. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
30. SNAC
31. Nationalencyklopedin
32. Find a Grave
33. filmportal.de
34. Discogs
35. Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
36. Great Norwegian Encyclopedia
37. Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana
38. Babelio
39. Croatian Encyclopedia
40. Munzinger Personen
41. [Source](http://www.aveleyman.com/OnThisDay.aspx?OTDMonth=11&OTDDay=14&OTDYear=1968)
42. [Jawaharlal  Nehru](https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html)
43. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
44. Dictionary.com
45. Virtual International Authority File
46. [Pan-Africanism Data Project](https://github.com/roopikarisam/panafricanismdataproject/blob/main/bandung_1955.csv)
47. nobelprize.org
48. Autoritats UB
49. BBC Things
50. LIBRIS. 2018