# Hybrid machine learning applications in pavement engineering: predicting spalling with PSO-GBM

> Research article (Discover Civil Engineering, 2025) · cited 13× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W4410953515](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W4410953515)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/hybrid-machine-learning-applications-in-pavement-engineering-predicting-spalling-with-pso-gbm