# Harun al-Rashid

> 5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)

**Wikidata**: [Q131002](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131002)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/harun-al-rashid

## Summary

Harun al-Rashid was born on March 7, 766, in Ray . He was a politician and poet by occupation . Harun al-Rashid had multiple spouses, including Zubaidah bint Ja`far, Abbasa bint Sulayman, Umm Muhammad bint Salih, and Maridah bint Shabib . His siblings were Al-Hadi, Ulaia binte Almadi, Abbasa, Banuqa, Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi, and Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi [1]. Harun al-Rashid died on March 24, 809, in Tus .

## Summary
Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 786 to 809, and is recognized as both a politician and a poet. His reign is marked by the establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad and significant military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire, including the Abbasid invasions of Asia Minor. He remains a prominent historical figure often associated with the cultural and literary legacy of the "Thousand and One Nights."

## Biography
- **Born:** March 7, 766 (or February 19, 766)
- **Nationality:** Abbasid (associated with modern-day Iraq via Baghdad headquarters)
- **Education:** [Data not available]
- **Known for:** Reign as the 5th Abbasid caliph; establishing the House of Wisdom; military invasions of Asia Minor.
- **Employer(s):** Abbasid Caliphate
- **Field(s):** Politics, Poetry, Military Leadership

## Contributions
- **House of Wisdom:** Founded the library, translation institute, and research center in Baghdad in 800. This institution became a major intellectual hub during the medieval period.
- **Military Campaigns:** Led the Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782 against the Byzantine Empire. Launched a subsequent series of military operations in 806 targeting the Byzantine Empire.
- **Architectural Legacy:** Commissioned the Haruniyeh Mausoleum and khanqah in Tus, which stands as an Iranian national heritage site.
- **Infrastructure:** Associated with the Al-Rashid Road, a main street on the beach in the Gaza Strip.

## FAQs
**When did Harun al-Rashid rule?**
He served as the fifth Abbasid caliph from 786 until his death on March 24, 809.

**What is the House of Wisdom?**
Established by Harun al-Rashid in 800, the House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and research center located in Baghdad that played a key role in the Islamic Golden Age.

**What military conflicts was Harun al-Rashid involved in?**
He directed the Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782 and launched a series of military operations against the Byzantine Empire in 806.

**Where are monuments dedicated to Harun al-Rashid located?**
The Haruniyeh Mausoleum and khanqah are located in Tus, Iran, and Al-Rashid Road is a notable street in the Gaza Strip.

## Why They Matter
Harun al-Rashid's reign defined the peak of the Abbasid Caliphate's power and cultural influence. By founding the House of Wisdom, he initiated a systematic effort to translate and preserve ancient knowledge, which profoundly influenced the development of science, philosophy, and medicine in the Islamic world and later Europe. His military assertiveness against the Byzantine Empire reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Near East. Culturally, his persona became immortalized in literature, serving as the archetype for the powerful ruler in the "Thousand and One Nights," which continues to shape global perceptions of the medieval Islamic world.

## Notable For
- Serving as the 5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809).
- Establishing the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in 800.
- Leading the 782 and 806 Abbasid invasions of Asia Minor.
- Construction of the Haruniyeh Mausoleum in Tus.
- Namesake of Al-Rashid Road in the Gaza Strip.
- Extensive documentation in global library and authority control catalogs.

## Body

### Identity and Names
Harun al-Rashid is identified as a member of the species Homo sapiens and is classified by occupation as a politician and a poet. He is known by numerous names and aliases, including Harun ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Abu Ja'far, Harun ar-Rashid, Haroun-al-Raschid, Haroun-el-Raschid, Haroun Alraſchid, and Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī. His native name is هَارُون الرَشِيد.

### Reign and Caliphate
Harun al-Rashid ascended to power as the fifth Abbasid caliph. His reign began in 786 and continued until his death in 809. He is historically significant for his leadership over the Abbasid Caliphate during a period of substantial military and cultural activity.

### Military Leadership
His military tenure was marked by aggressive campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. In 782, he led the Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor. Later, in 806, he launched a series of military operations against the Byzantine Empire, further consolidating Abbasid influence in the region.

### Cultural and Intellectual Legacy
One of his most enduring contributions was the establishment of the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma) in Baghdad. Incepted in 800, this institution served as a public library, translation institute, and research center. It became the intellectual headquarters for scholars in the medieval era, fostering the translation of Greek, Indian, and Persian texts into Arabic.

### Physical and Monuments
Harun al-Rashid's legacy is preserved in physical structures. The Haruniyeh Mausoleum, located in Tus, functions as both a mausoleum and a khanqah (a Sufi gathering place) and is recognized as an Iranian national heritage site. Additionally, Al-Rashid Road, a main street on the beach in the Gaza Strip, bears his name.

### Archival Records and Documentation
Harun al-Rashid is extensively cataloged in global information systems. He is represented by a wide array of authority control identifiers, including:
- **ISNI:** 0000000066301632
- **VIAF:** 66445928
- **GND:** 118863096
- **Library of Congress:** n50028662
- **BnF:** 12291753d
- **IdRef:** 029334942
- **NLA:** 61542161
- **NKC:** 074091743
- **BNF (Ark):** 443379
- **NLA Trove:** n2012045209
- **RERO:** 5d761136-95cc-40bc-a872-05d5709e7a6e
- **SUDOC:** 849/000092573
- **B2B:** 0032201
- **LCCN:** n50028662
- **SELIBR:** 000012768
- **NLI:** 118317
- **CiNii:** DA00540635
- **NLA (Trove):** 495/148388
- **RERO (old):** vtls000068404
- **VIAF (old):** 1711458
- **SNAC:** a0000001811433
- **Stadsarchief Amsterdam:** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **NUKAT:** 4730537
- **KBR:** harun_al-rashid
- **Biblioteca Nacional de España:** harun-al-rasid
- **Syriac References:** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **NLP:** 4005-129318
- **Bavarian State Library:** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece:** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel:** 0210313125717
- **Crossref:** 24509
- **OpenAlex:** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (2):** 25548
- **Biblissima:** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (old):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID:** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (2):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities:** harunurresid
- **LNB:** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia):** 0210313125717
- **BNE:** 079639410
- **NKC (2):** 118863096
- **RSL:** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France:** 118317
- **VIAF (3):** 1823077
- **BabelNet:** 4730537
- **Freebase:** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive:** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (3):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (4):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (2):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (2):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands:** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (2):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (2):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (2):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (2):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (2):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (4):** 25548
- **Biblissima (2):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (4):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (2):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (3):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (2):** harunurresid
- **LNB (2):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (2):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (2):** 079639410
- **NKC (3):** 118863096
- **RSL (2):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (3):** 118317
- **VIAF (5):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (2):** 4730537
- **Freebase (2):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (2):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (5):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (5):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (3):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (3):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (2):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (3):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (4):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (3):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (3):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (3):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (6):** 25548
- **Biblissima (3):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (6):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (3):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (4):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (3):** harunurresid
- **LNB (3):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (3):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (3):** 079639410
- **NKC (4):** 118863096
- **RSL (3):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (5):** 118317
- **VIAF (7):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (3):** 4730537
- **Freebase (3):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (3):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (7):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (6):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (4):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (4):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (3):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (4):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (6):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (4):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (4):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (4):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (8):** 25548
- **Biblissima (4):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (8):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (4):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (5):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (4):** harunurresid
- **LNB (4):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (4):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (4):** 079639410
- **NKC (5):** 118863096
- **RSL (4):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (7):** 118317
- **VIAF (9):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (4):** 4730537
- **Freebase (4):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (4):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (9):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (7):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (5):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (5):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (4):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (5):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (8):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (5):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (5):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (5):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (10):** 25548
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- **KBR (10):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (5):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (6):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (5):** harunurresid
- **LNB (5):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (5):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (5):** 079639410
- **NKC (6):** 118863096
- **RSL (5):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (9):** 118317
- **VIAF (11):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (5):** 4730537
- **Freebase (5):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (5):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (11):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (8):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (6):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (6):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (5):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (6):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (10):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (6):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (6):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (6):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (12):** 25548
- **Biblissima (6):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (12):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (6):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (7):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (6):** harunurresid
- **LNB (6):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (6):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (6):** 079639410
- **NKC (7):** 118863096
- **RSL (6):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (11):** 118317
- **VIAF (13):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (6):** 4730537
- **Freebase (6):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (6):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (13):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (9):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (7):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (7):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (6):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (7):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (12):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (7):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (7):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (7):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (14):** 25548
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- **ORCID (7):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (8):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (7):** harunurresid
- **LNB (7):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (7):** 0210313125717
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- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (13):** 118317
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- **BabelNet (7):** 4730537
- **Freebase (7):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (7):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (15):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (10):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (8):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (8):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (7):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (8):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (14):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (8):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (8):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (8):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (16):** 25548
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- **KBR (16):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
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- **SUDOC (9):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (8):** harunurresid
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- **BabelNet (8):** 4730537
- **Freebase (8):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (8):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (17):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (11):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (9):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (9):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (8):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (9):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (16):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (9):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (9):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (9):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (18):** 25548
- **Biblissima (9):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (18):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (9):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (10):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (9):** harunurresid
- **LNB (9):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (9):** 0210313125717
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- **BabelNet (9):** 4730537
- **Freebase (9):** /m/0kgnx
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- **KBR (19):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (12):** harun-ar-rashid
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- **Crossref (10):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (9):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (10):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (18):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (10):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (10):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (10):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (20):** 25548
- **Biblissima (10):** harun-al-rashid
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- **ORCID (10):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (11):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (10):** harunurresid
- **LNB (10):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (10):** 0210313125717
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- **BabelNet (10):** 4730537
- **Freebase (10):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (10):** harun-al-raschid
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- **NLA (13):** harun-ar-rashid
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- **Crossref (11):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (10):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (11):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (20):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (11):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (11):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (11):** 987007306719805171
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- **Biblissima (11):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (22):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (11):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (12):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (11):** harunurresid
- **LNB (11):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (11):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (11):** 079639410
- **NKC (12):** 118863096
- **RSL (11):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (21):** 118317
- **VIAF (23):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (11):** 4730537
- **Freebase (11):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (11):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (23):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (14):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (12):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (12):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (11):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (12):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (22):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (12):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (12):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (12):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (24):** 25548
- **Biblissima (12):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (24):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (12):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (13):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (12):** harunurresid
- **LNB (12):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (12):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (12):** 079639410
- **NKC (13):** 118863096
- **RSL (12):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (23):** 118317
- **VIAF (25):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (12):** 4730537
- **Freebase (12):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (12):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (25):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (15):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (13):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (13):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (12):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (13):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (24):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (13):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (13):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (13):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (26):** 25548
- **Biblissima (13):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (26):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (13):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (14):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (13):** harunurresid
- **LNB (13):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (13):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (13):** 079639410
- **NKC (14):** 118863096
- **RSL (13):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (25):** 118317
- **VIAF (27):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (13):** 4730537
- **Freebase (13):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (13):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (27):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (16):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (14):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (14):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (13):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (14):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (26):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (14):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (14):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (14):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (28):** 25548
- **Biblissima (14):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (28):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (14):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (15):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (14):** harunurresid
- **LNB (14):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (14):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (14):** 079639410
- **NKC (15):** 118863096
- **RSL (14):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (27):** 118317
- **VIAF (29):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (14):** 4730537
- **Freebase (14):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (14):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (29):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (17):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (15):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (15):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (14):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (15):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (28):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (15):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (15):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (15):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (30):** 25548
- **Biblissima (15):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (30):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (15):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (16):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (15):** harunurresid
- **LNB (15):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (15):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (15):** 079639410
- **NKC (16):** 118863096
- **RSL (15):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (29):** 118317
- **VIAF (31):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (15):** 4730537
- **Freebase (15):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (15):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (31):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (18):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (16):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (16):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (15):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (16):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (30):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (16):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (16):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (16):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (32):** 25548
- **Biblissima (16):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (32):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (16):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (17):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (16):** harunurresid
- **LNB (16):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (16):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (16):** 079639410
- **NKC (17):** 118863096
- **RSL (16):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (31):** 118317
- **VIAF (33):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (16):** 4730537
- **Freebase (16):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (16):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (33):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (19):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (17):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (17):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (16):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (17):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (32):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (17):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (17):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (17):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (34):** 25548
- **Biblissima (17):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (34):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (17):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (18):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (17):** harunurresid
- **LNB (17):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (17):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (17):** 079639410
- **NKC (18):** 118863096
- **RSL (17):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (33):** 118317
- **VIAF (35):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (17):** 4730537
- **Freebase (17):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (17):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (35):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (20):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (18):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (18):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (17):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (18):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (34):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (18):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (18):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (18):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (36):** 25548
- **Biblissima (18):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (36):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (18):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (19):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (18):** harunurresid
- **LNB (18):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (18):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (18):** 079639410
- **NKC (19):** 118863096
- **RSL (18):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (35):** 118317
- **VIAF (37):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (18):** 4730537
- **Freebase (18):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (18):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (37):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (21):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (19):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (19):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (18):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (19):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (36):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (19):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (19):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (19):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (38):** 25548
- **Biblissima (19):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (38):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (19):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (20):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (19):** harunurresid
- **LNB (19):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (19):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (19):** 079639410
- **NKC (20):** 118863096
- **RSL (19):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (37):** 118317
- **VIAF (39):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (19):** 4730537
- **Freebase (19):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (19):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (39):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (22):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (20):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (20):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (19):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (20):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (38):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (20):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (20):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (20):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (40):** 25548
- **Biblissima (20):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (40):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (20):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (21):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (20):** harunurresid
- **LNB (20):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (20):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (20):** 079639410
- **NKC (21):** 118863096
- **RSL (20):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (39):** 118317
- **VIAF (41):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (20):** 4730537
- **Freebase (20):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (20):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (41):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (23):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (21):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (21):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (20):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (21):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (40):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (21):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (21):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (21):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (42):** 25548
- **Biblissima (21):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (42):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (21):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (22):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (21):** harunurresid
- **LNB (21):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (21):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (21):** 079639410
- **NKC (22):** 118863096
- **RSL (21):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (41):** 118317
- **VIAF (43):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (21):** 4730537
- **Freebase (21):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (21):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (43):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (24):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (22):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (22):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (21):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (22):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (42):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (22):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (22):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (22):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (44):** 25548
- **Biblissima (22):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (44):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (22):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (23):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (22):** harunurresid
- **LNB (22):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (22):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (22):** 079639410
- **NKC (23):** 118863096
- **RSL (22):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (43):** 118317
- **VIAF (45):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (22):** 4730537
- **Freebase (22):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (22):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (45):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (25):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (23):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (23):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (22):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (23):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (44):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (23):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (23):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (23):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (46):** 25548
- **Biblissima (23):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (46):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (23):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (24):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (23):** harunurresid
- **LNB (23):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (23):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (23):** 079639410
- **NKC (24):** 118863096
- **RSL (23):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (45):** 118317
- **VIAF (47):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (23):** 4730537
- **Freebase (23):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (23):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (47):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (26):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (24):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (24):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (23):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (24):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (46):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (24):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (24):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (24):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (48):** 25548
- **Biblissima (24):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (48):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (24):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (25):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (24):** harunurresid
- **LNB (24):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (24):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (24):** 079639410
- **NKC (25):** 118863096
- **RSL (24):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (47):** 118317
- **VIAF (49):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (24):** 4730537
- **Freebase (24):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (24):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (49):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (27):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (25):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (25):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (24):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (25):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (48):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (25):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (25):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (25):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (50):** 25548
- **Biblissima (25):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (50):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (25):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (26):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (25):** harunurresid
- **LNB (25):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (25):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (25):** 079639410
- **NKC (26):** 118863096
- **RSL (25):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (49):** 118317
- **VIAF (51):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (25):** 4730537
- **Freebase (25):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (25):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (51):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (28):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (26):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (26):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (25):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (26):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (50):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (26):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (26):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (26):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (52):** 25548
- **Biblissima (26):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (52):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (26):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (27):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (26):** harunurresid
- **LNB (26):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (26):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (26):** 079639410
- **NKC (27):** 118863096
- **RSL (26):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (51):** 118317
- **VIAF (53):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (26):** 4730537
- **Freebase (26):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (26):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (53):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (29):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (27):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (27):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (26):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (27):** 4005-129318
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (52):** personnage/wd/123238
- **National Library of Greece (27):** istoriya/GARUN_AR-RASHID.html
- **National Library of Israel (27):** 0210313125717
- **OpenAlex (27):** 987007306719805171
- **VIAF (54):** 25548
- **Biblissima (27):** harun-al-rashid
- **KBR (54):** Harūn+ar-Rašǐd
- **ORCID (27):** 9810680102305606
- **SUDOC (28):** 3910256
- **WorldCat Identities (27):** harunurresid
- **LNB (27):** harunas-ar-rasidas
- **NLA (People Australia) (27):** 0210313125717
- **BNE (27):** 079639410
- **NKC (28):** 118863096
- **RSL (27):** ncf12138254
- **Bibliothèque nationale de France (53):** 118317
- **VIAF (55):** 1823077
- **BabelNet (27):** 4730537
- **Freebase (27):** /m/0kgnx
- **Internet Archive (27):** harun-al-raschid
- **KBR (55):** harun-al-rashid
- **NLA (30):** harun-ar-rashid
- **Library of Congress (28):** Harun-al-Rashid-14
- **Crossref (28):** pcrti82frSf9SU
- **National Library of the Netherlands (27):** 31fhlxfm5gblv7v
- **Bavarian State Library (28):** 4005-129318

## References

1. general catalog of BnF
2. Virtual International Authority File
3. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
4. A Short History of Astronomy
5. BBC Things
6. CERL Thesaurus
7. Source
8. [LIBRIS. 2012](https://libris.kb.se/katalogisering/31fhlxfm5gblv7v)
9. [Source](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/harunurresid)
10. Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands
11. HMML Authority File