# Guinea-Bissau

> sovereign state in Western Africa

**Wikidata**: [Q1007](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1007)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/guinea-bissau

## Summary

Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa.[1] It was established on January 1, 1974.Portuguese is the official language.[2] The population was 1.9M (2017).[3]Its area is 36k. The time zone is UTC±00:00 and Africa/Bissau.[4].

## Summary

Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign state located in Western Africa, bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the east and south. The country gained independence from Portugal in 1974 and is officially known as the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, with Bissau serving as its capital city. Despite its small territory of 36,125 square kilometres, the nation is notable for its rich linguistic diversity, complex political history, and membership in numerous international organizations including the United Nations, African Union, and ECOWAS.

## Key Facts

- **Official Name**: República da Guiné-Bissau (Portuguese), Guinea-Bissau (English)
- **Capital**: Bissau
- **Independence Date**: 1974 (from Portugal)
- **Area**: 36,125 square kilometres
- **Population**: 1,861,283 (2017 census, preferred value)
- **Coordinates**: Latitude 12°N, Longitude 15°W
- **Continent**: Africa (West Africa)
- **Bordering Countries**: Guinea, Senegal
- **Official Language**: Portuguese
- **Other Recognized Languages**: Balanta-Kentohe, Portuguese Creole, Pulaar, Pular, Jola-Felupe, Bijago, Mandinka, and 12 others
- **Currency**: West African CFA franc
- **Driving Side**: Right-hand traffic
- **Electricity**: 220 volts, 50 Hz (Europlug type)
- **Timezone**: UTC±00:00 (Africa/Bissau)
- **National Flag**: Flag of Guinea-Bissau
- **Coat of Arms**: Emblem of Guinea-Bissau
- **Anthem**: "Esta é a Nossa Pátria bem Amada"
- **Motto**: "Unidade, Luta, Progresso" (Unity, Fight, Progress)
- **National Flower**: Mask
- **ISO Codes**: Alpha-2: GW, Alpha-3: GNB, Numeric: 624
- **Internet TLD**: .gw
- **International Calling Code**: +245
- **Emergency Numbers**: 112 (general), 119 (medical), 121 (police), 180 (fire)
- **Highest Point**: Monte Torin (300 metres)
- **Lowest Point**: Atlantic Ocean (0 metres)
- **Membership**: United Nations (1974), African Union, World Trade Organization, ECOWAS, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, UNESCO, Interpol, WHO, World Customs Organization

## FAQs

**What type of government does Guinea-Bissau have?**

Guinea-Bissau operates as a presidential republic with the President serving as both head of state and head of government. The current President is Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who assumed office on February 27, 2020. The legislative body is the National People's Assembly, a unicameral parliament. The country has experienced significant political instability with multiple coups throughout its history, most recently in 2025.

**What is Guinea-Bissau's economic situation?**

Guinea-Bissau is one of the world's poorest nations with a nominal GDP of approximately $1.63 billion USD (2022). The Gini coefficient is 34.8 (2018), indicating moderate income inequality. The VAT rate is 15%, and the unemployment rate was 7% as of 2014. The economy relies heavily on agriculture, particularly cashew nuts, and fishing.

**What is Guinea-Bissau's human development status?**

Guinea-Bissau has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.483 (2021), classified as "Low" human development. The Inequality-adjusted HDI is 0.306 (2021), reflecting significant losses due to inequality. Life expectancy at birth is 59.86 years (2022). The country faces challenges including high infant mortality, limited healthcare infrastructure, and low literacy rates.

**What international organizations is Guinea-Bissau a member of?**

Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations (since September 17, 1974), African Union, World Trade Organization, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (since 1974), UNESCO (since November 1, 1974), Interpol (since 1992), World Health Organization, World Customs Organization (since 2010), and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (since 2008).

**What are Guinea-Bissau's demographic characteristics?**

As of 2022, Guinea-Bissau has a male population of 1,039,860 and a female population of 1,065,706. The urban population is 948,368 while rural population stands at 1,157,198. The birth rate is 30.611 per 1,000 people (2022) and the death rate is 8.597 per 1,000 people (2022). The country has a young population with a high total fertility rate of 4.835 (2014).

**What is Guinea-Bissau's relationship with neighbouring countries?**

Guinea-Bissau shares borders with Guinea to the east and south, and Senegal to the north. The country has diplomatic relations with numerous nations including Germany (since 1975), the United States, Russia, North Korea (since March 16, 1974), the People's Republic of China, and Georgia (since March 9, 2011). Relations with Guinea have occasionally been tense due to border disputes and political interference allegations.

**What are the administrative divisions of Guinea-Bissau?**

Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight administrative regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau Autonomous Sector, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, and Tombali. These regions are further subdivided into sectors and tabancas (villages).

## Why It Matters

Guinea-Bissau matters as one of Africa's smallest and most linguistically diverse nations, representing the complex legacy of Portuguese colonialism in West Africa. Despite its limited resources and political instability, the country plays a strategic role in regional affairs as a member of ECOWAS and the African Union. Its location between Senegal and Guinea makes it significant for West African trade and security cooperation, particularly in addressing cross-border issues such as terrorism, drug trafficking, and irregular migration.

The country's democratic credentials, while imperfect (ranked 2.63 on the democracy index in 2020), demonstrate a commitment to civilian rule following decades of military coups and political violence. Guinea-Bissau's participation in international organizations reflects its integration into global governance structures and its willingness to engage with the international community on development, security, and human rights issues.

Economically, while Guinea-Bissau remains one of the poorest countries in the world, it possesses significant potential in agriculture, fishing, and mineral resources. Its cashew nut production is a major export commodity, and its coastal waters are rich in fish stocks. The country's membership in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) provides economic ties with larger regional economies.

Culturally, Guinea-Bissau represents a unique blend of African and Portuguese influences, evident in its language (Portuguese Creole), music, and culinary traditions. The country's cultural heritage, including the Bijago ethnic group and traditional Balanta music, contributes to the rich tapestry of West African culture.

## Notable For

- **Portuguese Colonial Legacy**: Former Portuguese colony known as Portuguese Guinea until independence in 1974
- **Linguistic Diversity**: Over 20 languages spoken, including Portuguese, Creole, and numerous indigenous languages
- **Political Instability**: Known for frequent military coups, earning the nickname "the coup capital of Africa"
- **Low Human Development**: One of the lowest HDI scores in the world at 0.483 (2021)
- **Strategic Location**: Small West African nation controlling access to the Atlantic coast between Senegal and Guinea
- **Bijago Islands**: Archipelago of islands known for unique culture and biodiversity
- **Music Heritage**: Famous for traditional Balanta "guitars" and kassele dance music
- **Partly Free Status**: Classified as "partly free" by Freedom House
- **Cashew Production**: Major producer and exporter of cashew nuts
- **ECOWAS Membership**: Active participant in West African regional integration efforts

## Body

### History and Independence

Guinea-Bissau's path to sovereignty began with centuries of Portuguese colonial rule beginning in the 15th century. The territory was known as Portuguese Guinea and served as a hub for the slave trade before transitioning to agricultural production. The independence movement gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s, led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral.

Guinea-Bissau declared independence on September 24, 1973, although formal recognition by Portugal came only after the Carnation Revolution in 1974. The country officially gained independence on September 24, 1974, following the Algiers Agreement with Portugal. The nation was initially united with Cape Verde in the PAIGC, but the union was dissolved in 1980 following a coup in Guinea-Bissau.

Since independence, the country has experienced remarkable political instability with multiple successful and attempted coups. The assassination of President João Bernardo Vieira in 2009, the 2012 coup attempt, and the 2025 coup attempt illustrate the ongoing challenges to democratic consolidation. Despite these challenges, the country has maintained its membership in international organizations and continued to pursue development goals.

### Geography and Environment

Guinea-Bissau occupies a territory of 36,125 square kilometres in the coastal region of West Africa. The country lies at coordinates 12°N latitude and 15°W longitude, placing it entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. The landscape is characterized by coastal lowlands, plateaus, and rolling hills, with the highest point being Monte Torin at 300 metres above sea level. The lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean at sea level.

The country shares borders with Senegal to the north (approximately 341 km border) and Guinea to the east and south (approximately 423 km border). The coastline extends approximately 100 km, featuring mangrove swamps, sandy beaches, and the Bijago Islands archipelago. The westernmost point is located at Cape Roxo (coordinates: 12.33555556°N, 16.71305556°W), while the easternmost point is at 12.45917°N, 13.62661°W.

The northernmost point is at latitude 12.68°N, longitude 14.5°W, and the southernmost point is at latitude 10.92168°N, longitude 15.06372°W. The country is located in the Sudanian-Guinean Savanna zone, with a tropical climate characterized by wet and dry seasons. The major rivers include the Geba River, which flows through Bissau, and the Cacheu River in the northwest.

### Government and Politics

Guinea-Bissau operates as a presidential republic with a multi-party political system. The President serves as both head of state and head of government, holding significant executive powers. The unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) consists of 102 members elected for four-year terms.

The current President, Umaro Sissoco Embaló, assumed office on February 27, 2020, following elections. He previously served as Prime Minister from 2016 to 2018. The current Prime Minister is Rui Duarte de Barros, who took office on December 21, 2023. Previous heads of state include José Mário Vaz (2014-2020), Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (2012-2014), and João Bernardo Vieira (1984-1999, 2005-2008).

The country has struggled with military influence in politics, experiencing numerous coups and attempted coups since independence. The democracy index score of 2.63 (2020) reflects significant challenges to democratic governance. The BTI Governance Index scored 4.3 (2022), indicating weak governance quality. The country is classified as "partly free" by Freedom House.

### Demographics and Society

As of the 2017 census, Guinea-Bissau's population is 1,861,283. The population has grown significantly from approximately 636,000 in 1960 to over 1.8 million in 2017. The 2022 estimates suggest a population of approximately 2,106,058, with 948,368 urban residents and 1,157,198 rural residents.

The country is ethnically diverse, with the Balanta being the largest ethnic group (approximately 30%), followed by Fula (20%), Mandinka (14%), and numerous other groups including Bijago, Manjack, and Creole (mixed Portuguese-African). The society is predominantly Muslim (approximately 45%), with Christian minorities (approximately 15%) and traditional religious practices (approximately 40%).

Life expectancy at birth is 59.86 years (2022), reflecting the country's challenging health infrastructure. The birth rate is 30.611 per 1,000 people (2022), while the death rate is 8.597 per 1,000 people (2022). The total fertility rate has declined from 5.911 in 1999 to 4.835 in 2014, indicating a gradual demographic transition.

The official language is Portuguese, but Guinea-Bissau Creole (Kriol) is widely spoken as a lingua franca. The country recognizes numerous indigenous languages including Balanta-Kentohe, Pulaar, Pular, Jola-Felupe, Bijago, and Mandinka. Education is compulsory for children aged 6-14, though enrollment rates remain low due to economic constraints.

### Economy and Infrastructure

Guinea-Bissau is classified as one of the world's poorest countries, with a nominal GDP of approximately $1.63 billion USD (2022). The economy is predominantly agricultural, employing about 80% of the workforce. Cashew nuts are the primary export commodity, accounting for over 90% of export revenue. Other agricultural products include peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, and cotton.

The fishing sector represents significant potential, with the country's coastal waters being rich in fish stocks. However, limited infrastructure and overfishing by foreign vessels have constrained development. The industrial sector is minimal, focusing on food processing, beverages, and construction materials.

The currency is the West African CFA franc (XOF), pegged to the Euro and issued by the Central Bank of West African States. The country participates in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), which facilitates regional trade and economic coordination. The VAT rate is 15%, and individual income tax rates are progressive.

Infrastructure challenges include limited road networks (particularly outside Bissau), inadequate electricity supply, and minimal telecommunications coverage. The country uses right-hand traffic, and speed limits vary by road type. The main port is Bissau Port, which handles most international trade. The international airport is Osvaldo Vieira International Airport in Bissau.

### International Relations and Memberships

Guinea-Bissau maintains diplomatic relations with numerous countries and is an active member of international organizations. Key memberships include:

- **United Nations** (since September 17, 1974)
- **African Union** (founding member)
- **World Trade Organization** (member)
- **ECOWAS** (Economic Community of West African States)
- **Organisation of Islamic Cooperation** (since 1974)
- **UNESCO** (since November 1, 1974)
- **Interpol** (since November 4, 1992)
- **World Health Organization**
- **World Customs Organization** (since August 19, 2010)
- **International Bank for Reconstruction and Development** (since March 24, 1977)
- **International Development Association** (since March 25, 1977)
- **International Finance Corporation** (since March 25, 1977)
- **Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency** (since July 12, 2006)
- **Universal Postal Union** (since May 30, 1974)
- **International Telecommunication Union** (since January 15, 1976)
- **Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons** (since June 19, 2008)

Diplomatic relations have been established with Germany (since 1975), the United States, Russia, North Korea (since March 16, 1974), the People's Republic of China, and Georgia (since March 9, 2011). The country is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States.

### Symbols and Culture

The national flag of Guinea-Bissau features two horizontal bands of red (top) and yellow (bottom) with a black star on the red band and a vertical black band on the hoist side. The flag was adopted in 1973 during the independence movement and is inspired by the flag of Ghana with modifications reflecting Guinea-Bissau's unique identity.

The national anthem is "Esta é a Nossa Pátria bem Amada" (This is Our Beloved Homeland), adopted upon independence. The coat of arms features a shield with a crossed sword and hoe, a black star, and the motto "Unidade, Luta, Progresso" (Unity, Fight, Progress). The national motto reflects the country's revolutionary heritage and aspirations for development.

Guinea-Bissau is known for its rich musical traditions, particularly the Balanta "guitars" (known as kassele) and the kassele dance. The country has produced notable musicians who have contributed to West African music. The Bijago people are known for their unique cultural practices, including masked dances and ritual ceremonies.

Cuisine reflects Portuguese and African influences, with dishes including rice with fish, palm oil stews, and various seafood preparations. The national beverage is palm wine (toddy), though beer and soft drinks are also popular. The country is known for its traditional architecture, including the historic city of Bissau with its colonial-era buildings.

### Administrative Divisions

Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight administrative regions (regiões) and one autonomous sector:

1. **Bafatá** - Eastern region, primarily agricultural
2. **Biombo** - Small region near Bissau
3. **Bissau Autonomous Sector** - Capital city and surrounding area
4. **Bolama** - Includes the Bijago Islands
5. **Cacheu** - Northwestern region along the Cacheu River
6. **Gabú** - Eastern region, bordering Guinea
7. **Oio** - Northern region
8. **Quinara** - Southern coastal region
9. **Tombali** - Southern region

Each region is further divided into sectors and tabancas (villages). The Bissau Autonomous Sector is the most urbanized and economically important area, housing the capital city and main port.

### Technical Identifiers and Standards

The country uses standard international identifiers for international recognition and communication:

- **ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Code**: GW
- **ISO 3166-1 Alpha-3 Code**: GNB
- **ISO 3166-1 Numeric Code**: 624
- **M49 Code**: 624
- **Internet Top-Level Domain**: .gw
- **International Calling Code**: +245
- **Mobile Country Code**: 632
- **Aircraft Registration Prefix**: D4
- **Maritime Identification Digits**: 630
- **ITU Letter Code**: GNB
- **IOC Country Code**: GBS

The emergency telephone numbers are: 112 (general emergency), 119 (medical services), 121 (police), and 180 (fire department). The country operates on UTC±00:00 time zone (Africa/Bissau). Electrical current is 220V at 50Hz, using Europlug type sockets.

### Human Development and Social Indicators

Guinea-Bissau faces significant human development challenges. The Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.483 (2021) places the country in the "Low" human development category. The Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) of 0.306 (2021) indicates substantial losses due to inequality in health, education, and income dimensions.

Life expectancy at birth is 59.86 years (2022), significantly below the global average. The country faces high infant mortality, maternal mortality, and prevalence of infectious diseases. Healthcare infrastructure is limited, with inadequate facilities and medical personnel outside major urban areas.

Education indicators show low literacy rates, particularly among women. The education system faces challenges including teacher shortages, inadequate school facilities, and limited access in rural areas. The number of out-of-school children was estimated at 201,430 in 2000, though this figure has likely improved since then.

### Economic Indicators

The country's economy faces significant challenges:

- **GDP**: $1,633,559,092 (2022)
- **GDP per capita**: Approximately $775 (2022)
- **Gini Coefficient**: 34.8 (2018)
- **Unemployment Rate**: 7% (2014)
- **VAT Rate**: 15%
- **Currency**: West African CFA franc (XOF)

The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, particularly cashew nut production. Other sectors include fishing, forestry, and small-scale manufacturing. Remittances from diaspora communities and international aid provide significant external support. The country is eligible for assistance from the International Development Association and has received debt relief under various programs.

### Regional Context and Security

Guinea-Bissau's location between Senegal and Guinea makes it strategically important for regional security. The country has faced challenges including drug trafficking, particularly in the 2000s when it became a transit point for cocaine shipments from South America to Europe. Regional initiatives through ECOWAS aim to address these security concerns.

The country has participated in regional peacekeeping efforts and maintains cooperative relationships with neighboring countries. Border management and cross-border cooperation are ongoing challenges, particularly in the northern border region with Senegal where separatist movements have occasionally caused tensions.

Environmental concerns include deforestation, soil erosion, and the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity. The coastal areas face threats from rising sea levels and erosion, particularly in the Bijago Islands. Marine conservation efforts are being developed to protect coastal and offshore ecosystems.

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