# Goldman Sachs

> American investment bank

**Wikidata**: [Q193326](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193326)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/goldman-sachs

## Summary
Goldman Sachs is a leading American investment bank founded in 1869, renowned for its global financial services, including investment banking, asset management, and securities trading. It plays a pivotal role in the global economy, advising corporations, governments, and individuals on financial strategies and transactions.

## Key Facts
- **Founded**: May 12, 1869, by Marcus Goldman and Samuel Sachs in New York City.
- **Headquarters**: 200 West Street, New York City, with operations in over 30 countries.
- **CEO**: David M. Solomon (as of 2023).
- **Revenue**: $53.5 billion (2022), with net income of $8.9 billion.
- **Employees**: Approximately 34,000 globally (2023).
- **Services**: Investment banking, asset management, prime brokerage, and securities trading.
- **Notable Clients**: Governments, corporations, institutional investors, and high-net-worth individuals.
- **Subsidiaries**: Goldman Sachs International, Goldman Sachs Asset Management.
- **Awards**: Ranked #1 in mergers and acquisitions advisory (2022), recipient of the "Best Investment Bank" award (2021).
- **Controversies**: Fined $5.1 billion for misconduct during the 2008 financial crisis.

## FAQs
**What services does Goldman Sachs provide?**  
Goldman Sachs offers investment banking, asset management, securities trading, and prime brokerage services to governments, corporations, and individuals.

**When was Goldman Sachs founded?**  
Goldman Sachs was founded on May 12, 1869, by Marcus Goldman and Samuel Sachs.

**What is Goldman Sachs' role in the global economy?**  
It advises on major financial transactions, manages assets for institutions and individuals, and facilitates securities trading, influencing global financial markets.

**Who leads Goldman Sachs?**  
As of 2023, David M. Solomon serves as CEO, succeeding Lloyd Blankfein.

**What controversies has Goldman Sachs faced?**  
Notable controversies include a $5.1 billion fine for misconduct during the 2008 financial crisis and criticism for its role in the subprime mortgage crisis.

## Why It Matters
Goldman Sachs is a cornerstone of the global financial system, driving economic growth through strategic financial advice, capital raising, and risk management. Its expertise in complex financial instruments and mergers/acquisitions shapes corporate strategies worldwide. As a bellwether for market trends, its actions and analyses influence investor confidence and economic policies. Its longevity and adaptability, spanning over 150 years, reflect its ability to evolve with market changes while maintaining dominance in high-stakes financial services.

## Notable For
- **Global Influence**: Operates in over 30 countries, advising on landmark transactions like the $69 billion CVS-Aetna merger (2018).
- **Financial Innovation**: Pioneered mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), though these later contributed to the 2008 crisis.
- **Leadership Development**: Produced influential leaders such as U.S. Treasury Secretaries Robert Rubin and Henry Paulson.
- **Cultural Impact**: Featured in media like *The Wolf of Wall Street* and *Inside Job*, symbolizing Wall Street's power and excess.
- **Resilience**: Survived the 1929 crash, 2008 crisis, and COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating adaptability in volatile markets.

## Body

### History
- **Founding**: Established in 1869 by Marcus Goldman as a brokerage firm, later joined by Samuel Sachs, evolving into a full-service investment bank.
- **Expansion**: Grew through strategic acquisitions, including the 1927 merger with Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and global expansion in the late 20th century.
- **Crisis Management**: Played a central role in the 2008 financial crisis, receiving a $10 billion bailout and later paying a $5.1 billion fine for misconduct.

### Organizational Structure
- **Divisions**: Investment Banking, Asset Management, Global Markets, and Consumer & Wealth Management.
- **Subsidiaries**: Goldman Sachs International (London), Goldman Sachs Asset Management (GSAM), and Marcus by Goldman Sachs (digital banking).
- **Governance**: Led by a Board of Directors chaired by David M. Solomon, with oversight from the Federal Reserve and SEC.

### Financial Performance
- **Revenue Streams**: 55% from Institutional Client Services, 30% from Investment Banking, and 15% from Asset Management (2022).
- **Key Metrics**: $1.5 trillion in assets under management (2023), $53.5 billion revenue (2022), and a market capitalization of $64 billion (2023).

### Technology and Innovation
- **Digital Platforms**: Launched Marcus (2016), a consumer banking app, and Marquee (2019), a data analytics platform for institutional clients.
- **Fintech Investments**: Invested in blockchain research and AI-driven trading tools, filing over 100 fintech patents since 2015.

### Global Presence
- **Regional Hubs**: New York, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong serve as key operational centers.
- **Emerging Markets**: Expanded into India, China, and Brazil, advising on infrastructure projects like the $10 billion Aramco IPO (2019).

### Philanthropy and ESG
- **Giving**: Committed $1.25 billion to racial equity initiatives (2020) and $750 million to climate change solutions (2021).
- **ESG Focus**: Launched a $10 billion clean energy fund (2022) and issued sustainability-linked bonds to finance green projects.

### Related Entities
- **Competitors**: Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, and Citigroup.
- **Regulators**: Federal Reserve, SEC, and European Central Bank.
- **Clients**: Advised Microsoft on its $20 billion LinkedIn acquisition (2016) and Saudi Aramco on its $29 billion IPO (2019).

### Cultural Legacy
- **Media Depictions**: Featured in films like *The Wolf of Wall Street* (2013) and documentaries such as *Inside Job* (2010).
- **Public Perception**: Symbolizes both financial innovation and systemic risk, reflecting broader debates about capitalism and inequality.

### Future Outlook
- **Strategy**: Focus on digital transformation, ESG investing, and emerging markets to sustain growth amid regulatory pressures and market volatility.
- **Challenges**: Navigating geopolitical tensions, climate risks, and fintech disruptions while maintaining profitability and regulatory compliance.

## References

1. [Source](https://www.unepfi.org/net-zero-banking/members/)
2. Global LEI Index
3. [Source](https://www.lobbyfacts.eu/datacard/the-goldman-sachs-group-inc?rid=701266814986-18)
4. Market Identifier Code
5. [proxy statement](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312525054559/d863231ddef14a.htm#toc863231_56)
6. International Standard Name Identifier
7. GRID Release 2017-01-10
8. Virtual International Authority File
9. CiNii Research
10. [Source](https://www.cnbc.com/dow-30/)
11. [Source](https://www.ishares.com/us/products/239723/ishares-sp-100-etf)
12. Polygon.io
13. 20th Century Press Archives
14. [Source](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/membership/members/)
15. [Source](https://fidoalliance.org/members/)
16. [Source](http://www.heise.de/tp/bild/35/35074/35074_1.html)
17. ROR release v1.19
18. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
19. [Source](http://km.aifb.kit.edu/services/crunchbase/)
20. [Source](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/886982/000119312516470289/d107036d10k.htm)
21. [Form 10-K](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312522052682/d192225d10k.htm)
22. [Form 10-K. 2014](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312514073792/d655877d10k.htm)
23. [Form 10-K. 2015](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312515056785/d840464d10k.htm)
24. [Form 10-K. 2017](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312517056804/d308759d10k.htm)
25. [Form 10-K. 2019](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312519050198/d669877d10k.htm)
26. [Form 10-K. 2020](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312520043853/d826673d10k.htm)
27. [Form 10-K. 2021](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312521049380/d39654d10k.htm)
28. [Form 10-K. 2023](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000088698223000003/gs-20221231.htm)
29. [Form 10-K. 2024](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000088698224000006/gs-20231231.htm)
30. [Form 10-K. 2025](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000088698225000005/gs-20241231.htm)
31. [Source](http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=GS.N)
32. [Form 10-K. 2010](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000095012310018464/y81914e10vk.htm)
33. [Form 10-K. 2011](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000095012311020067/y88213e10vk.htm)
34. [Form 10-K. 2012](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312512085822/d276319d10k.htm)
35. [Form 10-K. 2013](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312513085474/d446679d10k.htm)
36. [Form 10-K. 2022](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000886982/000119312522052682/d192225d10k.htm)
37. GRID Release 2016-12-06
38. [2020](https://www.gleif.org/content/4-lei-data/8-lei-mapping/1-download-bic-to-lei-relationship-files/bic_lei_gleif_v1_monthly_full_20200327.csv)
39. EU Transparency Register
40. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/david-solomon.html)
41. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/m-michele-burns.html)
42. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/drew-faust.html)
43. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/mark-flaherty.html)
44. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/kimberley-d-harris.html)
45. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/ellen-j-kullman.html)
46. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/lakshmi-n-mittal.html)
47. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/adebayo-o-ogunlesi.html)
48. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/peter-oppenheimer.html)
49. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/jan-e-tighe.html)
50. [Source](https://www.goldmansachs.com/about-us/people-and-leadership/leadership/board-of-directors/jessica-r-uhl.html)