# GLONASS-M

> family of Russian GLONASS navigation satellites

**Wikidata**: [Q4139977](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4139977)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS-M)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/glonass-m

## Summary
GLONASS-M is a family of Russian navigation satellites that formed part of the GLONASS global positioning system, operational from 2001 to 2022. It succeeded the original GLONASS satellites and was later replaced by the GLONASS-K and K2 series. These satellites played a critical role in enhancing Russia's satellite navigation capabilities.

## Key Facts
- **Operational Period**: 2001–2022 (start date: December 1, 2001; end date: November 28, 2022).
- **Manufacturer**: JSC Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev.
- **Predecessor**: Original GLONASS satellite family.
- **Successors**: GLONASS-K and GLONASS-K2.
- **GRAU Index**: 14Ф113 (aliases: Uragan-M, 14F113).
- **Country of Origin**: Russia.
- **Classification**: Spacecraft family and subclass of navigation satellites.

## FAQs
### Q: What was the primary purpose of GLONASS-M satellites?
A: GLONASS-M satellites were designed to provide global navigation and positioning services as part of Russia's GLONASS system, improving accuracy and reliability over the original GLONASS satellites.

### Q: When were GLONASS-M satellites first launched?
A: The first GLONASS-M satellite was launched on December 1, 2001.

### Q: What replaced the GLONASS-M series?
A: The GLONASS-M satellites were succeeded by the modernized GLONASS-K and GLONASS-K2 models.

## Why It Matters
GLONASS-M was a pivotal advancement in Russia's satellite navigation infrastructure, offering improved performance and longer operational lifespans compared to the first-generation GLONASS satellites. By maintaining a robust constellation, GLONASS-M ensured continuous global coverage, supporting both military and civilian applications. Its development underscored Russia's commitment to independent navigation systems, reducing reliance on foreign technologies like GPS. The series bridged the gap between legacy systems and newer technologies, securing GLONASS's position as a global navigation standard alongside GPS and Galileo.

## Notable For
- **Second-Generation Upgrade**: Introduced enhanced features over the original GLONASS satellites, including better accuracy and extended operational lifespan (7–10 years).
- **Constellation Maintenance**: Formed the backbone of the GLONASS constellation for over two decades, with numerous satellites launched (e.g., Kosmos 2457, Kosmos 2465, Kosmos 2485).
- **Transition to Modernization**: Paved the way for the more advanced GLONASS-K series, ensuring continuity in Russia's navigation capabilities.

## Body
### Development and Launch
- **Manufacturer**: Produced by JSC Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev, a leading Russian spacecraft developer.
- **First Launch**: The inaugural GLONASS-M satellite (Kosmos 2382) was launched in 2001, with deployments continuing through 2022.
- **Deployment**: Satellites were launched into medium Earth orbit as part of the 24-satellite GLONASS constellation.

### Technical Specifications
- **GRAU Designation**: 14Ф113 (Uragan-M), reflecting its military and technical classification.
- **Lifespan**: Designed for 7–10 years of operational use, extending the lifespan of earlier GLONASS models.
- **Functionality**: Provided timing and location data for navigation, supporting both civilian and military users.

### Legacy
- **Succession**: Phased out in favor of the GLONASS-K series, which offers improved fuel efficiency, longer lifespan (10–15 years), and enhanced signal capabilities.
- **Notable Satellites**: Examples include Kosmos 2435, Kosmos 2458, and Kosmos 2485, all designated as navigation satellites under the GLONASS-M framework.

## Schema Markup
```json
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Thing",
  "name": "GLONASS-M",
  "description": "Family of Russian GLONASS navigation satellites",
  "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS-M",
  "sameAs": [
    "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4131933",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS-M"
  ],
  "additionalType": "Spacecraft family",
  "manufacturer": "JSC Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev",
  "countryOfOrigin": "Russia",
  "datePublished": "2001-12-01",
  "endDate": "2022-11-28"
}