# Freeform optical system design with differentiable three-dimensional ray tracing and unsupervised learning

> Research article (Optics Express, 2023) · cited 53× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W4319073903](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W4319073903)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/freeform-optical-system-design-with-differentiable-three-dimensional-ray-tracing-and-unsupervised-learning