# Enver Pasha

> Ottoman politician and general (1881–1922)

**Wikidata**: [Q153899](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153899)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/enver-pasha

## Summary
Enver Pasha was an Ottoman politician and general who lived from 1881 to 1922. He is best known as a member of the "Three Pashas," a triumvirate that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I. A central figure in the Committee of Union and Progress and the Young Turks movement, he also served as a military personnel and writer.

## Biography
- **Born:** November 22, 1881
- **Nationality:** Ottoman Empire
- **Education:** [Data not available in source]
- **Known for:** Ruling the Ottoman Empire as part of the Three Pashas triumvirate during World War I; leadership in the Committee of Union and Progress.
- **Employer(s):** Committee of Union and Progress
- **Field(s):** Politics, Military, Writing

## Contributions
Enver Pasha played a pivotal role in the political and military transformation of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. His contributions include:
*   **Young Turk Revolution of 1908:** He was involved in the restoration of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire.
*   **The Three Pashas:** He was a member of this triumvirate, which assumed rule over the Ottoman Empire starting in 1913, directing the empire through World War I.
*   **Military Leadership:** He served as a general in multiple conflicts, including the Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), the First and Second Balkan Wars, and World War I.
*   **Committee of Union and Progress:** As a member of this political party, founded in 1889, he contributed to the political landscape of the empire.
*   **Basmachi Movement:** He was associated with this decentralized movement (1916–1934) that undertook an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim peoples of Central Asia.

## FAQs
**Who were the Three Pashas?**
The Three Pashas were a triumvirate that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I, with Enver Pasha serving as one of its key members alongside other leaders starting in 1913.

**What wars did Enver Pasha participate in?**
He participated in the Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War, World War I (including the Battle of Sarikamish in 1914), and the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918.

**What political party was Enver Pasha a member of?**
He was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress, a political party in the Ottoman Empire founded in 1889 with headquarters in Istanbul.

**What awards did Enver Pasha receive?**
He received the Pour le Mérite (Kingdom of Prussia's highest order of merit), the Order of the Medjidie, the Order of Osmanieh, the Gallipoli Star, and the Military Merit Cross from Austria-Hungary.

**What was the Young Turk Revolution?**
It was a 1908 event involving the restoration of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire, in which Enver Pasha participated as part of the broader Young Turks political reform movement.

## Why They Matter
Enver Pasha was a dominant figure in the final decades of the Ottoman Empire, holding significant power as part of the ruling triumvirate during World War I. His leadership within the Committee of Union and Progress and the Young Turks movement was instrumental in the empire's political direction during a tumultuous period. His military career spanned the empire's major conflicts, from the Balkan Wars to the First World War and subsequent interventions in the Russian Civil War. His later association with the Basmachi movement highlights his continued involvement in Central Asian geopolitical struggles against Soviet rule.

## Notable For
-   Member of the "Three Pashas" triumvirate (inception 1913).
-   Leadership role in the Committee of Union and Progress.
-   Participation in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.
-   Military service in the Italo-Turkish War, First Balkan War, and Second Balkan War.
-   Involvement in the Battle of Sarikamish (1914).
-   Association with the Basmachi movement (1916–1934).
-   Recipient of the Pour le Mérite.
-   Recipient of the Gallipoli Star (1915-1922).
-   Recipient of the Order of the Medjidie and Order of Osmanieh.
-   Recipient of the Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary).

## Body
### Identity and Political Affiliations
Enver Pasha, also known as Enver Paşa and İsmail Enver, was an Ottoman politician, general, and writer. He held citizenship in the Ottoman Empire, a multiethnic empire that existed from 1299 to 1922. Politically, he was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress, a political party founded in 1889 with its headquarters in Istanbul. He was also a key figure in the Young Turks, a political reform movement within the empire. His most significant political role was as a member of the "Three Pashas," a triumvirate that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I starting in 1913.

### Military Career and Conflicts
As a military personnel, Enver Pasha's career was defined by extensive participation in the major conflicts of his era. He was involved in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which successfully restored constitutional rule. His military engagements included:
*   **Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912):** A conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy.
*   **Balkan Wars:** He fought in both the First Balkan War and the Second Balkan War, the latter involving Bulgaria fighting against Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire.
*   **World War I (1914–1918):** He led Ottoman forces during this global war, including the Battle of Sarikamish in 1914 against the Russian Empire.
*   **Russian Civil War:** He participated in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918.
*   **Basmachi Movement:** He was connected to this decentralized uprising (1916–1934) against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by Muslim peoples of Central Asia.

### Awards and Recognition
Throughout his service, Enver Pasha received numerous decorations from various powers. These included:
*   **Pour le Mérite:** The Kingdom of Prussia's highest order of merit.
*   **Order of the Medjidie:** An award of the Ottoman Empire instituted in 1852.
*   **Order of Osmanieh:** A civil and military decoration of the Ottoman Empire instituted in 1861.
*   **Gallipoli Star:** A military medal issued by the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1922.
*   **Military Merit Cross:** A military decoration from Austria-Hungary, established in 1849 and later expanded to multiple classes with war decorations.

## References

1. Integrated Authority File
2. Source
3. [Source](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/enver-pasa)
4. Virtual International Authority File
5. CiNii Research
6. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
7. Proleksis Encyclopedia
8. Croatian Encyclopedia
9. SNAC
10. Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
11. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
12. Quora
13. [Source](http://purl.org/pressemappe20/beaconlist/pe)