# E

> programming language

**Wikidata**: [Q2658244](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2658244)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(programming_language))  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/e

## Summary
E is an object-based programming language designed by American computer scientist Mark S. Miller. Created in 1997, it is distinguished by its object-oriented programming paradigm and a typing discipline that is both strong and dynamic. The language was influenced by Joule and Java and is maintained online at erights.org.

## Key Facts
- **Inception:** E was created in 1997.
- **Designer:** The language was designed by Mark S. Miller, an American computer scientist.
- **Classification:** E is classified as both a programming language and an object-based language.
- **Typing Discipline:** It utilizes strong typing and dynamic typing.
- **Paradigm:** The language follows the object-oriented programming paradigm.
- **Influences:** E was influenced by Joule (created in 1996) and Java (created in 1995).
- **Official Website:** The language's official website is http://erights.org/.
- **Aliases:** The language is also known as "E (язык)", "إي(لغة برمجة)", and "اي".

## FAQs
### Q: Who created the E programming language?
A: E was designed by Mark S. Miller, an American computer scientist.

### Q: What are the typing characteristics of E?
A: E employs a typing discipline that features both strong typing and dynamic typing.

### Q: Which languages influenced the development of E?
A: E was influenced by the Joule programming language and the object-oriented programming language Java.

### Q: When was the E programming language released?
A: E was inceptioned in 1997.

## Why It Matters
E serves as a significant example of object-based language design within the broader history of computer science. Developed by Mark S. Miller in 1997, it represents a specific approach to object-oriented programming that prioritizes a strong and dynamic typing discipline. Its development trajectory links it to other notable languages of the 1990s, specifically Joule and Java, serving as a node in the evolution of programming language theory. The language maintains an active digital presence through its dedicated site, erights.org, acting as a historical reference for the design principles established by Miller. Its distinction as an "object-based" language places it in a specific category of languages that utilize objects but may differ in strict inheritance or class structures compared to standard class-based object-oriented languages.

## Notable For
- **Unique Typing:** Combines strong typing with dynamic typing, a specific technical configuration distinct from statically typed languages.
- **Lineage:** Connects the design concepts of Joule (1996) and Java (1995) through its "influenced by" status.
- **Object-Based Classification:** Distinctly categorized as an "object-based language" in addition to being a general programming language.
- **Creator:** Attributed to a single notable designer, Mark S. Miller, rather than a corporate committee.

## Body
### Origin and Design
E is a programming language that was inceptioned in 1997. It was designed by Mark S. Miller, who is identified as an American computer scientist. The language is hosted at the URL http://erights.org/.

### Technical Specifications
E operates under the object-oriented programming paradigm. Its type system is defined by two primary characteristics:
- **Strong Typing:** The language enforces strict rules on type operations.
- **Dynamic Typing:** Type checking is performed at runtime.

The language is classified as an instance of a "programming language" and an "object-based language." It is noted as being different from the entity "e".

### Historical Context and Influences
The design of E was not isolated; it was explicitly influenced by two other programming languages:
- **Joule:** A programming language that began in 1996.
- **Java:** An object-oriented programming language that began in 1995.

### International Presence
The language is documented across multiple Wikipedia languages, including English, Arabic (ar), German (de), Persian (fa), Malay (ms), Polish (pl), Portuguese (pt), Russian (ru), Swedish (sv), and Chinese (zh). It holds a Wikidata Freebase ID of /m/04xw5j.

## Schema Markup
```json
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Thing",
  "name": "E (programming language)",
  "description": "An object-based programming language designed by Mark S. Miller in 1997.",
  "url": "http://erights.org/",
  "sameAs": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(programming_language)"
  ],
  "additionalType": "ProgrammingLanguage"
}

## References

1. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013