# dynamic random-access memory

> random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit

**Wikidata**: [Q189396](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189396)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/dynamic-random-access-memory

## Summary
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. It is a form of volatile random-access memory, meaning it requires periodic refresh to retain data and loses all information when power is removed.

## Key Facts
- DRAM stores each bit of data in a capacitor within an integrated circuit.
- It is a subclass of volatile random-access memory and semiconductor memory.
- Notable DRAM chips include Intel 1103, Soviet models К565РУ1, К565РУ7, and К565РУ3.
- DRAM variants include multi-channel DRAM, eDRAM, synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and zero-capacitor DRAM.
- It requires memory refresh to maintain data integrity.
- Common aliases include DRAM, SGRAM, WRAM, and dynamic RAM.
- DRAM is distinct from static random-access memory (SRAM), which does not require refresh.

## FAQs
### Q: What is the difference between DRAM and SRAM?
A: DRAM stores data in capacitors and requires periodic refresh, while SRAM uses bistable latching circuitry and does not need refresh. DRAM is generally more dense and cheaper but slower than SRAM.

### Q: How does DRAM work?
A: DRAM stores each bit of data as a charge in a capacitor within an integrated circuit. The charge must be periodically refreshed to maintain data integrity.

### Q: What are some common DRAM variants?
A: Common variants include multi-channel DRAM, eDRAM, synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and zero-capacitor DRAM. These variants differ in speed, power efficiency, and application-specific optimizations.

### Q: Why is DRAM considered volatile?
A: DRAM is volatile because it loses all stored data when power is removed. Unlike non-volatile memory, it requires continuous power to retain information.

### Q: What are some notable DRAM chips?
A: Notable DRAM chips include Intel 1103, Soviet models К565РУ1, К565РУ7, and К565РУ3, and multi-channel DRAM used in Intel Xeon Phi processors.

## Why It Matters
DRAM is a fundamental component of modern computing, serving as the primary working memory for most computer systems. Its ability to store large amounts of data at relatively low cost makes it essential for applications ranging from personal computers to high-performance servers. The development of DRAM variants, such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and multi-channel DRAM, has significantly improved memory performance and efficiency. Despite its volatility, DRAM's high density and cost-effectiveness have made it the dominant form of random-access memory in the industry. Its continuous evolution has been crucial in supporting the growing demands of modern computing, from gaming and multimedia to scientific simulations and artificial intelligence.

## Notable For
- Being the most common type of random-access memory in modern computers.
- Introducing variants like synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and multi-channel DRAM to enhance performance.
- Serving as the primary working memory in most computer systems.
- Enabling high-density storage at a relatively low cost.
- Supporting the rapid growth of computing applications through its continuous evolution.

## Body
### Structure and Function
DRAM stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. This design allows for high-density storage but requires periodic refresh to maintain data integrity. The capacitors must be recharged regularly to prevent data loss, which is a key characteristic of volatile memory.

### Variants and Evolution
DRAM has evolved into several variants, including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), which synchronizes memory operations with the system clock for faster data access. Multi-channel DRAM, used in high-performance processors like Intel Xeon Phi, stacks multiple DRAM layers to increase bandwidth and reduce latency. Other variants include embedded DRAM (eDRAM) and zero-capacitor DRAM, which use different technologies to optimize performance and power efficiency.

### Historical Development
The development of DRAM includes notable chips such as Intel 1103 and Soviet models like К565РУ1, К565РУ7, and К565РУ3. These early implementations laid the groundwork for the DRAM technology that is now ubiquitous in computing.

### Applications and Impact
DRAM is essential for a wide range of applications, from personal computers to high-performance servers. Its high density and cost-effectiveness make it the preferred choice for most computer systems. The continuous evolution of DRAM technology has been crucial in supporting the growing demands of modern computing, from gaming and multimedia to scientific simulations and artificial intelligence.

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## References

1. [Source](https://github.com/JohnMarkOckerbloom/ftl/blob/master/data/wikimap)
2. BabelNet
3. National Library of Israel
4. KBpedia
5. [OpenAlex](https://docs.openalex.org/download-snapshot/snapshot-data-format)