# design

> creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system; process of creation; act of creativity and innovation

**Wikidata**: [Q82604](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82604)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/design

## Summary
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system, encompassing the process of creation and the act of creativity and innovation. It is defined as an activity involving a series of actions by an agent that results in an external change of state. The field is also known by aliases such as styling, planning, or simply a plan.

## Key Facts
- **Aliases:** Design is also referred to as styling, planning, or a plan.
- **Classifications:** It is categorized as an activity, a field of study, an academic discipline, and an economic activity.
- **Core Components:** The concept contains the quaternary sector of the economy and the system lifecycle.
- **Related Concepts:** Key associated concepts include ideation, design thinking, design method, and specification.
- **Scope:** The field spans diverse disciplines ranging from fashion and industrial design to software and processor design.
- **Sitelink Count:** The entity has a sitelink count of 99.

## FAQs
**What are the main disciplines within design?**
Design encompasses a vast array of disciplines including fashion, industrial, graphic, and architectural design, as well as specialized fields like game design, software design, and urban design.

**Who are some prominent figures associated with design?**
Notable figures include Karl Lagerfeld (German fashion designer), Victor Papanek (American designer and educator), Michael Graves (American architect and designer), and Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist).

**How is design defined as a process?**
Design is defined as a series of actions done by an agent which results in an external change of state, often involving non-linear, iterative processes like design thinking to understand users and create innovative solutions.

**What organizations and awards are related to design?**
Related entities include the Design Museum in London, the National Academy of Design, the company IDEO, and awards such as the German Design Award and the A' Design Award.

## Why It Matters
Design serves as a fundamental bridge between conceptualization and reality, driving innovation across economic, social, and technological landscapes. As an economic activity and part of the quaternary sector, it plays a crucial role in the creation of new products, the shaping of cities, and the development of software systems. Its methodologies, such as user-centered design and participatory design, ensure that solutions are accessible, functional, and responsive to human needs, influencing everything from the aesthetics of clothing to the usability of technology.

## Notable For
- Spanning diverse fields from fashion design and industrial design to processor design and compiler construction.
- Incorporating specific methodologies like design thinking, generative design, and the Double Diamond process model.
- Involving a wide range of notable figures including architects, artists, and industrial designers such as Buckminster Fuller, Erté, and Jasper Morrison.
- Including specific awards and competitions like the German Design Award and the A' Design Award.

## Body

### Definition and Core Concepts
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system. It is the process of creation and the act of creativity and innovation. As an activity, it involves a series of actions done by an agent which results in an external change of state. The field is also referred to as styling, planning, or a plan. It is considered a field of study, an academic discipline, and an economic activity. Related concepts include ideation (the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas), design thinking (a non-linear, iterative process), design method (a set of procedures for designing), and specification (an explicit implementation of requirements).

### Disciplines and Specializations
The field of design is partitioned into numerous specialized disciplines.

**Visual and Artistic Design:** This includes graphic design (visual design of content in various media), fashion design (art of the application of design and aesthetics to clothing and accessories), textile design (creation of designs for woven, knitted or printed fabrics), type design (art of designing typefaces and fonts), scenic design (creation of theatrical or film scenery), costume design (creation of clothing and accessories for film, television, or theatre), jewelry design (art of designing and creating jewelry), and Fretwork (interlaced decorative design).

**Industrial and Product Design:** This encompasses industrial design (use of art and science to improve aesthetics and usability), product design (process leading to new products), modular design (system divided into smaller parts), generative design (form finding process mimicking nature), value engineering (maximizing function-to-cost ratio), universal design (design to make things accessible to all), ecodesign (design sensitive to environmental impacts), and processability (ease of manufacture).

**Digital and Technical Design:** This includes software design (process of creating a specification of a software artifact), computer-aided design (constructing a product by means of computer), database design (process of producing a detailed data model), interaction design (specialization focused on user experience), user experience design (field focusing on user centered products), user-centered design (framework of processes), game design (designing content and rules of a game), processor design (engineering process of designing a CPU), compiler construction (sub-field of computer science), High-level design (initial stage in software design), strategy pattern (design pattern enabling algorithm selection), and design pattern (re-usable form of a solution).

**Architectural and Environmental Design:** This includes architecture (process of planning, designing and construction), architectural design (design of buildings and environments), urban design (process of designing and shaping cities), landscape design (art tradition combining nature and culture), garden design (art of designing and creating plans for gardens), landscape planning (branch of landscape architecture), retail design (creative and commercial discipline), lighting design (field of design), and exhibit design (process of developing an exhibit).

**Process and Management:** This involves design management (field using project management and design to control a project), conceptual design (early phase of the design process), process design (choice and sequencing of units in chemical engineering), parametric design (engineering design method), participatory design (active involvement of all stakeholders), strategic design (design principle), social design (design taking a social perspective), and the Double Diamond (design process model).

**Other Specializations:** This includes News design (arranging material on a newspaper page), service design (type of design), video design (type of design), sail-plan (diagram of a sailing vessel), lofting (drafting technique or fundamental ship drawings), Axial fan design (cooling fan), and social engineering (top-down effort to influence attitudes and behaviors).

### Notable Figures
The field of design has been shaped by a vast array of individuals across various eras and nationalities.

**Architects and Industrial Designers:** Key figures include Aino Aalto (Finnish architect, designer and business leader), Michael Graves (American architect and designer of consumer products), Hector Guimard (French architect), Enzo Mari (Italian furniture designer), Vlado Milunić (Czech architect), Tony Smith (American sculptor and architect), Alessandro Mendini (Italian designer and architect), Lella Vignelli (Italian architect, designer, and businesswoman), Lina Bo Bardi (Italo-Brazilian architect), Aldo Rossi (Italian architect), Vito Acconci (American designer, landscape architect), Greg Lynn (American architect), Viktor Hartmann (Russian artist), Vico Magistretti (Italian industrial designer and architect), Jasper Morrison (British designer), Philippe Neerman (Belgian industrial designer), Gae Aulenti (Italian architect and designer), Hans Hollein (Austrian architect and designer), Achille Castiglioni (Italian architect and designer), Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist), Oskar Schlemmer (German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer), Matthew Boulton (English manufacturer, industrialist, and designer), Carlo Bugatti (Italian furniture designer), Paul Schuitema (Dutch lithographer, photographer, typographer, graphic designer, filmmaker, architect, furniture designer), Matteo Thun (Italian architect), Jacques Adnet (Designer, architect and interior designer), Maarten van Severen (Belgian furniture designer), Paul Follot (French designer), Timo Sarpaneva (Finnish industrial designer), Bořek Šípek (Czech architect, designer, glassmaker), Clara Porset (Cuban designer), Carlo Scarpa (Italian architect and designer), Josef Frank (Austrian-Swedish architect), Henry van de Velde (Belgian painter, architect and interior designer), Aleksandra Ekster (Ukrainian and French painter and designer), Nanna Ditzel (Danish furniture designer), Piet Hein (Danish mathematician, inventor, designer), Jean Prouvé (French architect and designer), Gio Ponti (Italian architect), Raul Lino (Portuguese architect), Huib Hoste (Belgian architect, designer and urban planner), Gaetano Pesce (Italian architect), Robert Anning Bell (British artist), André Jacob Roubo (French master joiner and cabinetmaker), Erté (Russian-born French designer), Paul Hankar (architect, designer), Louis Majorelle (French artist), Elissa Aalto (Finnish architect), James Rivière (Italian Jewellery and sculptor), Poul Kjærholm (Danish designer), Kate Orff (American architect), Pierre Lepautre (French designer, engraver, and architect), Gualtiero Galmanini (Italian Starchitect and designer), Ernő Rubik (Hungarian inventor), Marianne Brandt (German artist and designer), Mary Colter (American architect and designer), Arnold Bode (German artist), Joe Colombo (Italian industrial designer), Arne Korsmo (Norwegian architect), Pierre Bernard (French graphic designer), Paolo Venini (Italian designer, glass artist, and entrepreneur), Garth Davis (Australian film and television director), Ini Archibong (Nigerian-American artist and designer), August Orth (German architect), William Burges (English architect), Bjarke Ingels (Danish architect), Emilio Ambasz (Argentine architect), Buckminster Fuller (American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor and futurist), Manolo Blahnik (Czech-Spanish fashion designer), Antony Armstrong-Jones (Welsh photographer and filmmaker), Peter Marino (American architect), and Neri Oxman (Israeli-American designer and academic).

**Artists, Illustrators, and Graphic Designers:** This group includes Karl Lagerfeld (German fashion designer), Victor Papanek (American designer and educator), William Kent (British painter, landscape architect), Franco Maria Ricci (Italian artist and publisher), Ralph McQuarrie (American conceptual designer and illustrator), Jamie Hewlett (British comic book artist), Tyler Brûlé (Canadian journalist and magazine editor), Christian Bérard (French artist, fashion illustrator, and designer), Paul Outerbridge (American photographer), Louis Herman De Koninck (architect, designer), Valery Levental (Theatre artist), Piero Portaluppi (Italian architect), Pio Manzù (Italian automotive and industrial designer), Kevin McCloud (British designer, writer and television presenter), Cece Bell (American illustrator and children's writer), Elizabeth Eaton Burton (American artist), Getulio Alviani (Italian artist), May Morris (British artisan, embroidery designer), Henri Laurens (French sculptor), Geo Verbanck (Belgian sculptor), Batem (Belgian cartoonist and screenwriter), Clara Driscoll (American glass artist), Jaroslav Ježek (Czech designer and artist), John Carl Buechler (American director), Max Janlet (Belgian art collector and decorator), Mehmed Fehmi Ağa (Russian designer, art director), Kseniya Boguslavskaya (Russian artist), Jon Burton (British businessman), Siona Shimshi (Israeli painter, sculptor, ceramist, and textile designer), Simon Stålenhag (Swedish artist and designer), Ivy Ross (jewelry designer and business executive), Richard McGuire (American illustrator, comic book artist), Livio Castiglioni (Italian architect and designer), Richard Riemerschmid (German architect, painter, designer), Lilly Reich (German designer), Hans Gugelot (Indonesia-born German industrial designer), John Pasche (graphic designer), Donald Judd (American minimalist artist), Alexandre Benois (Russian artist), Oliviero Toscani (Italian photographer), Borge Mogensen (Danish furniture designer), Finn Juhl (Danish architect and industrial designer), Shepard Fairey (American contemporary street artist, graphic designer activist), Marc Newson (Australian industrial designer), Antonio Bernocchi (Italian entrepreneur and fashion designer), Chip Kidd (American graphic designer), Alexander Girard (American architect and designer), Eyre de Lanux (American artist), Mary Flanagan (American artist), Léon Stynen (Belgian architect), Badura Afganli (Azeri stage actor, scenographer, costume designer), Hovhannes Mrkuz, Todd Oldham (American fashion designer), Uladzimir Ceslier (Belarusian painter), Grigor Khanjyan (Armenian and Soviet painter), Johanna Drucker (American art historian), Lubor Těhník (ceramist), Ewa Braun (Polish set decorator, costume designer and production designer), Alexey Brodovitch (Russian artist), Gianni Colombo (Italian artist and sculptor), Alexandre Hollan (Hungarian born French painter), Jos De Mey (painter), Marcellin Jobard (Belgian inventor, lithographer and photographer), Anna Anthropy (American video game designer), Christopher Ciccone (American artist), Ashley Hicks (British author and designer), Cícero Moraes (Brazilian 3D designer), Esther Berlin-Joel (Israeli Painter and graphic designer), Jos Boys (Architect, journalist and design activist), Penelope Hobhouse (British garden writer, designer), Andy Warhol (American artist, film director, and producer), Gui Bonsiepe (German designer and writer), Rafał Olbiński (Polish artist), Paul Iribe (French illustrator), Gisbert Combaz (Belgian artist), Olivier Strebelle (Belgian sculptor), Pablo Reinoso (Argentine artist), Barbara Kruger (American conceptual artist), Etel Adnan (Lebanese-American writer and artist), Ivan Picelj (Croatian painter and sculptor), Robert Stromberg (American film art director), Rudolf Seitz (German painter), Paul Cauchie (Belgian architect), Jules Wabbes (architect), Gunnar Aagaard Andersen (Danish painter and sculptor), Helen Cooper (British illustrator), Gilbert Baker (American artist and gay rights activist), Grete Jalk (Danish furniture designer), Selwyn Image (English poet and artist), Vasko Lipovac (Croatian painter and sculptor), Tanel Veenre (Estonian jewelry designer), Matthias A. K. Zimmermann (Swiss writer, artist), and Tommy Hilfiger (American fashion designer).

### Organizations, Awards, and Works
**Organizations and Institutions:** Entities associated with design include IDEO (a company), the National Academy of Design (tripartite institution of an honorary association of American artists), the Design Museum (art museum in London), the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (art museum in Rotterdam), the Jakarta Institute of Arts (university in Indonesia), Julius Berger Nigeria (Nigerian construction company), Bertazzoni (Italian luxury home appliance manufacturer), IKEA (Swedish multinational furniture store chain), and Bisazza (luxury Italian design company for glass mosaics). Movimento Arte Concreta is listed as an artistic and social movement.

**Awards and Competitions:** Recognition in the field includes the German Design Award and the A' Design Award (a design competition platform).

**Specific Works and Objects:** Notable design objects include the Lierna Chair (chair designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni), Palazzo Bocconi (building in Milan), MultiCam (camouflage pattern), and EyeWriter (eyetracking system designed by F.A.T. Lab and Graffiti Research Lab).

### Economic and Systemic Context
Design is linked to the quaternary sector of the economy, which is based on knowledge and skill. It is also associated with the system lifecycle, the life cycle of an engineered system which may include phases such as system conception, design and development, production and/or construction, distribution, operation, maintenance and support, retirement, phase-out and disposal. Strategies of information processing and ordering of knowledge include top-down and bottom-up design. The style known as mid-century modern is also a significant aspect of the field's history.

## References

1. Integrated Authority File
2. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
3. [Source](http://datos.bne.es/tema/XX527044.html)
4. BBC Things
5. YSO-Wikidata mapping project
6. BabelNet
7. Quora
8. National Library of Israel
9. KBpedia
10. [Source](https://vocabs.ardc.edu.au/viewById/316)