# C++

> general-purpose programming language

**Wikidata**: [Q2407](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2407)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/c

## Summary

C++ is a general-purpose programming language that was influenced by several earlier programming languages. It draws design elements from Simula, ALGOL 68, CLU, and ML [1].

## Summary
C++ is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language primarily used for systems programming. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, it supports object-oriented, procedural, and generic programming paradigms. It is a compiled language with static, nominative, and partial inference typing disciplines.

## Key Facts
*   C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup.
*   Its inception date is 1983.
*   C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language, supporting object-oriented, procedural, functional, and generic programming.
*   The language is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
*   The current preferred stable version is C++23, released on October 19, 2024.
*   C++ is primarily used for systems programming.
*   It is a compiled, free-form language with static, nominative, and partial inference typing.
*   Common aliases for C++ include Cpp, Cplusplus, C-plus-plus, CXX, and C++0x.

## FAQs
### Q: What is C++?
A: C++ is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language that supports object-oriented, procedural, and generic programming. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup and is primarily used for systems programming.

### Q: Who developed C++?
A: C++ was developed and designed by Bjarne Stroustrup. Its inception was in 1983.

### Q: When was C++ created?
A: C++ had its inception in 1983. Its first stable version, C++98, was published in September 1998.

### Q: What is C++ used for?
A: C++ is primarily used for systems programming. It also competes in areas like enterprise application development, server-side backends, large-scale software engineering, high-performance scientific computing, and numerical analysis.

### Q: What are some alternatives to C++?
A: Alternatives to C++ include Java, Python, Go, Rust, assembly language, D, Fortran, and Objective-C, depending on the specific application domain. These languages compete in areas such as general-purpose software development, systems programming, and high-performance computing.

## Why It Matters
C++ holds significant importance in the world of software development due to its versatility and performance capabilities. As a multi-paradigm language, it offers developers the flexibility to choose the most suitable programming style for their projects, from low-level hardware interaction to high-level abstraction. Its primary use in systems programming means it forms the backbone of operating systems, embedded systems, and high-performance applications where direct hardware control and efficiency are paramount.

C++'s enduring relevance is also evident in its competition with modern languages like Go and Rust in systems programming, and with Java and Python in broader application development. Its continuous standardization, with regular updates like C++23, ensures it remains a powerful and evolving tool. By providing a balance of abstraction and control, C++ enables the creation of robust, scalable, and performant software that underpins much of today's digital infrastructure, from game engines and scientific simulations to financial trading systems and web browsers.

## Notable For
*   **Multi-paradigm Support**: C++ is notable for being a multi-paradigm programming language, supporting object-oriented, procedural, functional, and generic programming.
*   **Systems Programming Foundation**: It is a foundational language for systems programming, enabling direct hardware control and high performance critical for operating systems and embedded systems.
*   **Continuous Standardization**: C++ has a robust and continuously evolving international standard, with stable versions regularly released by ISO/IEC, such as C++98, C++11, C++20, and the preferred C++23.
*   **Influence on Other Languages**: C++ was influenced by languages like C, Simula, and ALGOL 68, and in turn, has influenced many subsequent programming languages.

## Body

### Overview
C++ is a general-purpose programming language described as a programming language, object-based language, multi-paradigm programming language, procedural programming language, functional programming language, generic programming language, free-form language, and compiled language. Its primary use is systems programming. It exhibits Turing completeness and includes the C++ Standard Library as a part.

### Development
C++ was developed and designed by Bjarne Stroustrup, with its inception in 1983. It was influenced by several programming languages, including C, Simula, ALGOL 68, CLU, and ML.

### Standardization & Versions
The standards body for C++ is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Stable versions of C++ include:
*   **C++98**: Published September 1998 (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)
*   **C++03**: Published October 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003)
*   **C++11**: Published September 2011 (ISO/IEC 14882:2011)
*   **C++14**: Published December 2014 (ISO/IEC 14882:2014)
*   **C++17**: Published December 2017 (ISO/IEC 14882:2017)
*   **C++20**: Published December 2020 (ISO/IEC 14882:2020)
*   **C++23**: Preferred stable version, published October 19, 2024 (ISO/IEC 14882:2024)

### Identifiers & Aliases
*   **Aliases**: Cpp, Cplusplus, C-plus-plus, C-Plusplus, C++0x, CXX, Cプラスプラス, C加加, Си++
*   **Hashtags**: #cpp, #cplusplus
*   **File Extensions**: .cc, .cpp, .cxx, .c, .c++, .h, .hpp, .hh, .hxx, .h++
*   **Media Types**: text/x-c++src, text/x-c++hdr
*   **Official Website**: https://isocpp.org/ (English, preferred), http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/ (English)
*   **Subreddit**: r/cpp (English, started 2008-05-26)
*   **GitHub Topics**: cpp, cplusplus, c-plus-plus
*   **Stack Exchange Tags**: https://stackoverflow.com/tags/c%2B%2B, https://ja.stackoverflow.com/tags/c%2b%2b, https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/tags/c%2b%2b, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/tags/c%2b%2b, https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/tags/c++, https://or.stackexchange.com/tags/c++
*   **Source Code Repository**: https://github.com/cplusplus/draft
*   **Wikipedia Title**: C++
*   **Wikidata ID**: Q15777 (implied by `influenced_by` reference to C)
*   **Commons Category**: C++
*   **Library of Congress Authority ID**: sh87007505
*   **Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID**: technology/C-computer-language

### Typing Discipline
C++ utilizes static typing, nominative typing, and partial inference typing.

### Competitors & Alternatives
C++ competes with or is an alternative to various other programming languages:
*   **Java**: Object-oriented programming language (inception: 1995). Competes in enterprise application development, server-side backends, and large-scale software engineering.
*   **Python**: General-purpose programming language (inception: 1991-02-20). Indirect competitor in general-purpose software development.
*   **Go**: Programming language developed by Google (inception: 2009-11-10). Direct competitor in systems programming and backend infrastructure.
*   **Rust**: Programming language (inception: 2006-07-23). Direct competitor in systems programming.
*   **Assembly language**: Low-level programming language (inception: 1949). Alternative for systems programming where performance and hardware control are critical.
*   **D**: Multi-paradigm system programming language (inception: 2001-12-08). Modern alternative to C++ for systems programming.
*   **Fortran**: General-purpose programming language (inception: 1957). Direct competitor in high-performance scientific computing and numerical analysis.
*   **Objective-C**: General-purpose, high-level, object-oriented programming language (inception: 1984). Direct competitor in systems programming and application development.

### Images & Videos
*   **Image**: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hello_World_C++.png (depicting "Hello world")
*   **Logo**: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ISO_C++_Logo.svg
*   **Icons**: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Antu_text-x-c++src.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Breezeicons-mimetypes-64-text-x-c++src.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/38254-new_folder-9.svg
*   **Video**: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Programming_Start_with_C++_in_Ubuntu.vorb.theo.ogv (in Russian)

### Other Identifiers
*   **GND ID**: 4193909-8
*   **PSH ID**: 12477
*   **YSA ID**: Y109894
*   **YSO ID**: 269
*   **IDREF ID**: 029859778
*   **LEMAV ID**: LEMAV2015275983 (C++ (Programazio-hizkuntza)), LEMAV2015228013 (C++ (Lenguaje de programación))
*   **KBPedia ID**: CPlusPlus-ProgrammingLanguage
*   **BabelNet ID**: 03586438n
*   **Freebase ID**: /m/0jgqg
*   **Namuwiki ID**: C++
*   **Quora Topic**: C++-programming-language
*   **JIS Standard**: X3014
*   **Name in Kana**: シープラスプラス
*   **NL CR Aut ID**: ph116956 (C++ (programovací jazyk))
*   **ESCO Skill ID**: b633eb55-8f1f-4ae6-ab4c-2022ffe2cb7f
*   **PlanetMath ID**: C
*   **Fandom Wiki ID**: pl.cpp (Polish)
*   **Sitelink Count**: 147
*   **Zhihu Topic ID**: 19584970 (C++)
*   **Yale LUX ID**: concept/7953a614-4dab-469b-8740-221571c086b7
*   **GitLab Topic ID**: C%252B%252B, cpp
*   **Baidu Tieba Name**: c++
*   **Niconicopedia ID**: c++
*   **Wikimedia Outline**: outline of C++
*   **Lemmy Community ID**: cpp@programming.dev
*   **Topic Has Template**: Template:C++ programming language
*   **Described by Source**: ISO/IEC 14882
*   **Gentoo Wiki Article**: C++ (English)
*   **Pronunciation Audio**: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q150_(fra)-Benoît_Prieur-C++.wav (French), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q150_(fra)-Visiteur_Journée_2_-_14_(Madehub)-C++.wav (French)
*   **Store ID Google Play**: C++_-_programmeringsspråk
*   **Pixiv Encyclopedia ID**: C++
*   **Topic's Main Category**: Category:C++
*   **ScienceDirect Topic ID**: earth-and-planetary-sciences/c-programming-language
*   **Open Library Subject ID**: c++_(computer_program_language)
*   **Alternativeto Software ID**: cpp
*   **Wolfram Language Entity Code**: Entity["ProgrammingLanguage", "C::y7pg6"]
*   **Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID**: c-0, 0262306 (former scheme)
*   **Programming Language Database ID**: cpp
*   **Brockhaus Enzyklopädie Online ID**: c-plusplus-informatik
*   **National Library of Israel J9U ID**: 987007539277905171
*   **Bibliothèque Nationale de France ID**: 12139768z
*   **Microsoft Academic ID (discontinued)**: 184422994
*   **Internet Game Database Game Engine ID**: c-plus-plus
*   **Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID**: 546619
*   **Enciclopedia della Scienza e della Tecnica ID**: linguaggio-c (Linguaggio C++)
*   **National Library of Spain SPMABN ID (BNE v1.0)**: XX540250

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## References

1. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2. [ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages — C++. 1998](https://www.iso.org/standard/25845.html)
3. [ISO/IEC 14882:2003 Programming languages — C++. 2003](https://www.iso.org/standard/38110.html)
4. [ISO/IEC 14882:2011 Information technology — Programming languages — C++. 2011](https://www.iso.org/standard/50372.html)
5. [ISO/IEC 14882:2014 Information technology — Programming languages — C++. 2014](https://www.iso.org/standard/64029.html)
6. [ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++. 2017](https://www.iso.org/standard/68564.html)
7. [ISO/IEC 14882:2020 Programming languages — C++. 2020](https://www.iso.org/standard/79358.html)
8. [ISO/IEC 14882:2024 - Programming languages — C++. 2024](https://www.iso.org/standard/83626.html)
9. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
10. [Source](https://api.github.com/repos/cplusplus/draft)
11. [Source](https://mime.wcode.net/)
12. [ISO/IEC 14882:2024](https://www.iso.org/standard/83626.htmlhttps://www.iso.org/standard/83626.html)
13. YSO-Wikidata mapping project
14. BabelNet
15. [Source](https://www.zhihu.com/search?q=C%20%20&type=content)
16. National Library of Israel
17. KBpedia
18. [cplusplus · GitHub Topics · GitHub](https://github.com/topics/cplusplus)
19. [c-plus-plus · GitHub Topics · GitHub](https://github.com/topics/c-plus-plus)