# biochemistry

> study of chemical processes in living organisms

**Wikidata**: [Q7094](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/biochemistry

## Summary
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It is an academic discipline that bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that underpin biological functions.

## Key Facts
- Biochemistry is defined as the study of chemical processes in living organisms.
- It is classified as an academic discipline and a natural science.
- The field serves as a bridge between the broader disciplines of chemistry and biology.
- Key sub-disciplines and related fields include organic chemistry, bioenergetics, glycomics, biopolymer science, biophysical chemistry, clinical biochemistry, post-mortem chemistry, enzymology, enzyme kinetics, drug discovery, arsenic biochemistry, metabolomics, immunocytochemistry, and protein engineering.
- Prominent academic journals dedicated to the field include *Biochemistry* (inception 1962) and the *Journal of Biological Chemistry* (inception 1905).
- Major organizations and institutes include the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (inception 1964), the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (inception 1973), and the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology (inception 1918).
- Alternative names for the field include biological chemistry, biochemical science, biochem, and biologic chemistry.

## FAQs
**What is the primary focus of biochemistry?**
Biochemistry focuses on the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms, serving as a bridge between biology and chemistry.

**What are the main sub-disciplines associated with biochemistry?**
The field encompasses diverse areas such as enzymology, metabolomics, glycomics, biophysical chemistry, clinical biochemistry, and protein engineering.

**Which journals are significant in the field of biochemistry?**
Significant publications include the *Journal of Biological Chemistry*, established in 1905, and the journal *Biochemistry*, established in 1962.

**What organizations support research in biochemistry?**
Key organizations include the Federation of European Biochemical Societies, the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, and the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology.

**How does biochemistry relate to other sciences?**
It is a component of both natural science and the specific branches of chemistry and biology, integrating principles from these fields to understand life at a molecular level.

## Why It Matters
Biochemistry is fundamental to understanding the molecular basis of life, providing insights into how living organisms function, grow, and evolve. It plays a critical role in healthcare through clinical biochemistry and drug discovery, enabling the development of new medications and treatments. By explaining the chemical processes behind biological phenomena, it impacts a wide range of sectors including genetics, nutrition, and environmental science.

## Notable For
- Serving as an interdisciplinary bridge between the physical sciences (chemistry) and the life sciences (biology).
- Encompassing a vast array of specialized fields, from the study of enzymes (enzymology) to the analysis of metabolites (metabolomics).
- Being the focus of long-standing academic journals such as the *Journal of Biological Chemistry* (1905) and *Biochemistry* (1962).
- Hosting a global community of researchers supported by major organizations like the Federation of European Biochemical Societies and the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry.

## Body

### Definition and Academic Context
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It is recognized as an academic discipline and a natural science. The field is also known by the aliases biological chemistry, biochemical science, biochem, and biologic chemistry. As a discipline, it acts as a bridge between chemistry and biology, containing elements of both while serving as a parent or component to numerous specialized sub-disciplines.

### Related Fields and Sub-disciplines
The scope of biochemistry extends into various specialized areas of study. It is closely related to and encompasses fields such as:
*   **Organic Chemistry:** The study of carbon-based compounds.
*   **Bioenergetics:** A branch of biology concerned with energy flow.
*   **Glycomics:** The biological study of glycomes.
*   **Biopolymer:** The study of polymers produced by living organisms.
*   **Biophysical Chemistry:** The application of physics and physical chemistry to biological systems.
*   **Clinical Biochemistry:** The application of biochemistry to medical analysis.
*   **Post-mortem Chemistry:** The study of chemical phenomena in cadavers.
*   **Enzymology:** The study of enzymes.
*   **Enzyme Kinetics:** The study of reaction rates catalyzed by enzymes.
*   **Drug Discovery:** The process of finding new candidate medications.
*   **Arsenic Biochemistry:** Chemical processes involving arsenic.
*   **Metabolomics:** The study of chemical processes involving metabolites.
*   **Immunocytochemistry:** The interaction of chemicals with immune cell responses.
*   **Protein Engineering:** Processes involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins.

### Publications and Journals
Research in biochemistry is documented and disseminated through several key academic journals.
*   **Biochemistry:** A scientific journal established in 1962.
*   **Journal of Biological Chemistry:** An academic journal established in 1905, associated with the United States.

### Organizations and Institutes
Several prominent organizations and institutes are dedicated to the study and advancement of biochemistry.
*   **Federation of European Biochemical Societies:** An international scientific society founded in 1964, headquartered in London, with industry ties to .
*   **Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry:** A research institute located in Martinsried, Germany, established in 1973.
*   **Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology:** A research institute in Warsaw, Poland, established in 1918.

### Notable Figures
The field of biochemistry has been shaped by a vast number of scientists, researchers, and related figures. The following individuals are associated with the discipline:

*   Dorothy Hodgkin (British chemist)
*   Louise Johnson (British biochemist and protein crystallographer)
*   Richard Laurence Millington Synge (British biochemist)
*   Elmer McCollum (American biochemist)
*   Ida Rolf (American biochemist, creator of Rolfing)
*   Ernst Chain (Jewish-German-born British biochemist)
*   George Gamow (Russian-American theoretical physicist and cosmologist)
*   Hans Fischer (German chemist)
*   Fritz Albert Lipmann (German-American biochemist)
*   Otto von Fürth (Austrian scientist)
*   Paul Berg (American biochemist, Professor emeritus at Stanford University & Nobel laureate in Chemistry)
*   Samuel Mitja Rapoport (American biochemist)
*   Stanford Moore (American biochemist)
*   Emil Abderhalden (Swiss biochemist and physiologist)
*   César Milstein (Argentine biochemist)
*   Roger Y. Tsien (American biochemist)
*   Edward Adelbert Doisy (American biochemist)
*   Stanley Cohen (American biochemist)
*   Arne Tiselius (Swedish biochemist and Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry)
*   Luis Federico Leloir (Argentine biochemist)
*   John E. Walker (British biochemist)
*   Árpád Pusztai (Scientist, researcher)
*   Jeremy R. Knowles (British chemist)
*   George H. Hitchings (Nobel Prize-winning American physician)
*   Alexander Levitzki (Israeli biochemist)
*   Pehr Victor Edman (Swedish scientist)
*   Bruce Alberts (American biochemist)
*   Anthony R. Hunter (American biologist)
*   Albert Kluyver (Dutch botanist, microbiologist, and biochemist)
*   Raphael Mechoulam (Israeli chemist)
*   Robert B. Corey (American biochemist)
*   Françoise Gisou van der Goot (Dutch molecular biologist)
*   Jens Christian Skou (Danish chemist)
*   Mark Inglis (New Zealand sportsman)
*   Tak Wah Mak (Canadian biochemist)
*   François Gros (French biologist & academic)
*   Nikolay Serafimovich Zefirov (researcher)
*   Anatole Klyosov (Russian biochemist)
*   Vladimir Skulachev (Russian biochemist)
*   Alfred Gottschalk (German biochemist)
*   Anita Roberts (American biologist)
*   Gad Avigad (Israeli biochemist)
*   P. Roy Vagelos (American biochemist)
*   Rudolph Peters (British biochemist)
*   Sarah Ratner (American biochemist)
*   Norman Heatley (British biologist)
*   Aziz Sancar (Turkish geneticist; Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015)
*   Leslie Iversen (British pharmacologist)
*   Marian Ewurama Addy (Ghanaian female science professor and quiz host)
*   Antony Kidman (Australian academic and father of Nicole Kidman)
*   Evelyn M. Anderson (American physiologist and biochemist)
*   Vincent du Vigneaud (American biochemist)
*   Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen (German biochemist, Nobel Laureate)
*   Carl Ferdinand Cori (Czech Nobel prize laureate and scientist)
*   Robert Lefkowitz (American physician and biochemist)
*   Hamilton Smith (American microbiologist)
*   Edmond H. Fischer (American biochemist)
*   William Lipscomb (Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist)
*   Arthur Stoll (Swiss biochemist, director of Sandoz, art collector)
*   Andrew Schally (Polish-American endocrinologist)
*   Frederick Sanger (British biochemist)
*   Henrik Dam (Danish biochemist and physiologist)
*   Osamu Shimomura (Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist)
*   George Whipple (American physician and biomedical researcher)
*   Michael Behe (American biochemist, author, and intelligent design advocate)
*   Howard Cedar (Israeli American biochemist)
*   Elizabeth F. Neufeld (American geneticist)
*   Lawrence Joseph Henderson (American biochemist, philosopher and sociologist)
*   Matthieu Ricard (French writer and Buddhist monk)
*   Vladimir Engelgardt (Russian biochemist)
*   T. Colin Campbell (American biochemist)
*   Marcel Florkin (biochemist)
*   Yuri Ovchinnikov (Soviet bioorganic chemist)
*   Jerzy Vetulani (Polish pharmacologist and neuroscientist)
*   Stephen J. Benkovic (American chemist)
*   Gerald Fink (American biologist)
*   Jack L. Strominger (American biochemist)
*   Jack Drummond (British biochemist)
*   Marcel Locquin (French mycologist)
*   Margarita Salas (Spanish biochemist)
*   Étienne-Émile Baulieu (French scientist)
*   Alexander Spirin (Russian biochemist)
*   Anita Panek (Brazilian biochemist)
*   David Nachmansohn (German biochemist)
*   Frederic M. Richards (Biochemist, biophysicist, crystallographer, and sailor)
*   Hans Neurath (American biochemist)
*   Hector F. DeLuca (American biochemist)
*   Norman R. Pace (American biochemist)
*   Laszlo Lorand (Hungarian-American biochemist)
*   Marvin H. Caruthers (American biochemist)
*   Emil Paleček (Czech chemist)
*   Moussa B. H. Youdim (Israeli-Iranian neuroscientist)
*   Endre Bíró (Hungarian biochemist and university professor)
*   Rachel Haurwitz (American biochemist and structural biologist)
*   Dan S Tawfik (evolutionary biochemsitry researcher)
*   Casimir Funk (Jewish-Polish biochemist)
*   Isaac Berenblum (Polish-born Israeli biochemist)
*   Leonor Michaelis (German biochemist)
*   Carl Neuberg (German biochemist)
*   Gustav Embden (German chemist)
*   Johann Deisenhofer (German scientist)
*   Max Perutz (Austrian-born British molecular biologist)
*   Vladimir Prelog (Bosnian-Swiss chemist)
*   Moritz Traube (German biochemist)
*   Sidney Altman (Canadian American molecular biologist)
*   John Howard Northrop (American biochemist)
*   Patrick Cramer (German biochemist)
*   Robert F. Furchgott (American biochemist)
*   Marshall Warren Nirenberg (American biochemist and geneticist)
*   Stefanie Dimmeler (German biologist and biochemist)
*   C. B. van Niel (Dutch-American microbiologist)
*   Leopold Ružička (Croatian scientist)
*   Kary Mullis (American biochemist)
*   Charles Robert Harington (British biochemist)
*   Ralph F. Hirschmann (American biochemist)
*   Theodor Svedberg (Swedish chemist)
*   John Kendrew (English biochemist and crystallographer)
*   Douglas Harold Copp (scientist, discoverer of calcitonin)
*   Sune Bergström (Swedish biochemist)
*   George Wald (American biologist, biochemist, physiologist and Nobel laureate)
*   Robert Shapiro (American chemist)
*   Arthur L. Horwich (American biologist)
*   Theodore Nicolas Gobley (French chemist)
*   John Jacob Abel (American biochemist and pharmacologist)
*   Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev (Russian chemist)
*   James Spudich (American biochemist)
*   Jaqueline Barton (American chemist)
*   David Keilin (British entomologist)
*   Franz Hofmeister (German chemist)
*   Julius Adler (American biochemist)
*   Thomas Jessell (American biochemist)
*   Marianne Grunberg-Manago (French biochemist)
*   Marjory Stephenson (British biochemist)
*   František Šorm (Czech politician, academic, biochemist and chemical engineer)
*   Simon Shnoll (Russian biophysicist)
*   Arthur B. Robinson (American biochemist and politician)
*   Christopher Abell (British biological chemist)
*   Karolin Luger (Austrian-American biochemist, biophysicist, and professor)
*   Phyllis Clinch (Irish botanist)
*   Richard Tecwyn Williams (Welsh biochemist)
*   William Bate Hardy (British biologist)
*   Hrachia Buniatyan (professor)
*   David Wallach (Israeli biochemist)
*   Jerzy Duszyński (Polish biochemist)
*   Idah Sithole-Niang (Zimbabwean biochemist and educator)
*   Anastasia Zarycká (Czech tennis player)
*   George Smith (Nobel prize winning US chemist)
*   Herbert Tabor (American biochemist and physician-scientist)
*   Otto Fritz Meyerhof (German biochemist)
*   Günter Blobel (German American biologist)
*   Otto Heinrich Warburg (German physiologist, medical doctor and Nobel laureate)
*   Hartmut Michel (German biochemist)
*   Eugen Baumann (German chemist)
*   Richard Kuhn (Austrian-German biochemist)
*   Hans Selye (Austro-Hungarian Canadian endocrinologist)
*   Christian B. Anfinsen (American biochemist)
*   James B. Sumner (American chemist)
*   Thomas Cech (American chemist, biochemistry professor)
*   Roderick MacKinnon (American neuroscientist)
*   Yeshayahu Leibowitz (Israeli intellectual)
*   Avram Hershko (Israeli scientist)
*   Arthur Kornberg (American biochemist)
*   Bengt I. Samuelsson (Swedish biochemist)
*   Ferid Murad (American physician and pharmacologist)
*   Erwin Chargaff (Ukrainian-born biochemist who emigrated to the United States)
*   Lina Stern (Soviet biochemist, physiologist and humanist)
*   Mahlon Hoagland (biochemist)
*   Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. (American biochemist)
*   Aleksei Nikolaevich Bakh (Russian biochemist)
*   Kai Simons (Finnish physician, biochemist and molecular biologist)
*   Yasutomi Nishizuka (Japanese biologist)
*   Osamu Hayaishi (Japanese biochemist)
*   Elisa Izaurralde (Uruguayan biochemist and molecular biologist)
*   Shigekazu Nagata (Japanese molecular biologist, immunologist and biochemist)
*   Norair Sisakian (Soviet Armenian biochemist)
*   Benediktas Juodka (Lithuanian biochemist and politician)
*   William Platt Jencks (American biochemist)
*   Harvey Itano (American biochemist)
*   Mona Nemer (Lebanese-Canadian scientist)
*   Alexander Evseevich Braunstein (Soviet biochemist)
*   Chaitan Khosla (Indian American chemical engineer)
*   Dag Olav Hessen (Norwegian biologist)
*   James C. Wang (Chinese molecular biologist)
*   Nadrian C. Seeman (American crystallographer)
*   Nick Lane (British biochemist and writer)
*   Serhiy Komisarenko (Ukrainian politician)
*   Sylvia Agnes Sophia Tait (English biochemist and endocrinologist)
*   Julia Serano (American writer and activist)
*   Mary Sue Coleman (American businesswoman, university president)
*   Anju Chadha (Indian biochemist)
*   Sofia Simmonds (American biochemist)
*   David M. Sabatini (biologist who discovered mTOR)
*   Andrew Jonathan Nok (Nigerian biochemist)
*   Louise Chow (Professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics)
*   Satoshi Ōmura (Japanese biochemist, microbiologist, and university teacher)
*   Marina Rodnina (Ukrainian-German biochemist)
*   Anna Tramontano (Italian computational biologist)
*   Virginia Man-Yee Lee (Professor in Alzheimer’s Research)
*   Katalin Karikó (Hungarian biochemist)
*   Gertrude B. Elion (American biochemist and pharmacologist)
*   Eduard Buchner (German chemist)
*   Alexander Oparin (Soviet biochemist)
*   Jennifer Doudna (American biochemist)
*   Natalie Ahn (American chemist)
*   Martin Rodbell (American biochemist)
*   Ilona Banga (Hungarian biochemist)
*   Kurt Heinrich Meyer (German biochemist)
*   Julius Axelrod (American biochemist)
*   Karl Spiro (German scientist)
*   William Howard Stein (American biochemist)
*   Aaron Klug (British chemist and biophysicist)
*   Zheng Ji (nutritionist and biochemist)
*   Oliver Smithies (Biochemistry, genetics, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007)
*   Michael Stuart Brown (American geneticist and Nobel laureate)
*   Rodney Robert Porter (English biochemist and Nobel laureate)
*   Daniel I. Arnon (Polish-born American plant physiologist)
*   Aharon Razin (Israeli biochemist)
*   Meir Wilchek (Israeli biochemist)
*   Sidney W. Fox (American biochemist)
*   Denham Harman (American biogerontologist)
*   Peter G. Schultz (American geneticist)
*   Jean Brachet (biochemist)
*   Nahum Sonenberg (Canadian microbiologist)
*   Sidney Gottlieb (American chemist)
*   Eugene Kennedy (American biochemist)
*   Lubert Stryer (American biochemist)
*   Takashi Sugimura (Japanese biochemist)
*   William S. Sly (American biochemist and molecular biologist)
*   Natalya Guseva (Soviet child actress)
*   David Dolphin (Canadian biochemist)
*   Ed Yong (British science communicator and journalist)
*   Yellapragada Subbarow (Indian-American scientist)
*   Aleksander Koj (Polish physician)
*   Arieh Warshel (chemist, biochemist and biophysicist)
*   Benjamin Shapira (Israeli scientist)
*   David E. Cane (American biochemist)
*   David E. Green (American biochemist)
*   Gregorio Weber (scientist)
*   Haim Ernst Wertheimer (Israeli biochemist)
*   Herman Kalckar (Danish biochemist)
*   Bryan Grieg Fry (American-Australian biologist)
*   Leonard Herzenberg (American geneticist and immunologist)
*   Gerhard Meisenberg (German biochemist)
*   Marie Maynard Daly (American biochemist)
*   Lynne E. Maquat (American biochemist)
*   Cecilia Bouzat (Argentine biochemist)
*   Pere Estupinyà (Spanish biochemist)
*   S. Lawrence Zipursky (American neurologist and biochemist)
*   Eva Zažímalová (Czech biochemist)
*   Adolf Butenandt (German biochemist)
*   Michael Grunstein (Biologist and academic)
*   Isaac Asimov (American writer and biochemist)
*   Archer John Porter Martin (British chemist)
*   Linus Pauling (American scientist)
*   Melvin Calvin (American biochemist)
*   Albrecht Kossel (German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics)
*   Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (Nobel prize winning American and British structural biologist)
*   Michael Denton (British-Australian author and biochemist)
*   Thomas C. Südhof (German biochemist)
*   Heinz Staab (German chemist)
*   Robert Bruce Merrifield (American biochemist)
*   Michael Smith (Canadian Nobel laureate in chemistry)
*   Karl August Folkers (American biochemist)
*   Richard Roberts (English biochemist and molecular biologist)
*   Robin Hill (British biochemist)
*   Georgi Efremov (Macedonian scientist)
*   Akira Endō (Japanese agricultural chemist and biochemist)
*   Felisa Wolfe-Simon (American geomicrobiologist)
*   James Rothman (American biologist and Nobel laureate)
*   Joseph Samachson (American writer)
*   Alan Fersht (British chemist)
*   Ronald Vale (American biochemist)
*   Jakub Karol Parnas (Polish biochemist and politician)
*   Benjamin Silliman Sr. (early American chemist and science educator)
*   Efraim Racker (American biochemist)
*   Clive McCay (American biochemist, nutritionist and gerontologist)
*   Wolfgang Baumeister (German biophysicist)
*   Joseph Schlessinger (American biochemist)
*   Mayana Zatz (Brazilian geneticist)
*   John W. Daly (American biochemist and chemist)
*   Maria Manaseina (Russian physician)
*   Mariano Barbacid (Spanish biologist)
*   Konstantin Efetov (Ukrainian biologist and biochemist)
*   Vladimir Gulevich (Russian biochemist)
*   Boris Zbarsky
*   Eva Nogales (Biophysicist, professor)
*   Cornelia Bargmann (American neurobiologist)
*   Judy Mikovits (American research scientist)
*   Wanda Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen (Polish biochemist)
*   Andres Salumets (Estonian biologist and biochemist)
*   Gladys Emerson (American historian, biochemist and nutritionist)
*   Guy Brasseur (Belgian meteorologist and climate scientist)
*   Martha L. Ludwig (American biochemist)
*   Rowena Green Matthews (professor, biochemist)
*   Emmanuelle Charpentier (French microbiologist and biochemist)
*   Garth L. Nicolson (American biochemist)
*   John B. Balinsky (Ukrainian-born zoologist)
*   William C. Campbell (Irish biochemist)
*   Ada Yonath (Israeli chemist)
*   Rashad Khalifa (Egyptian-American biochemist)
*   Hans Krebs (German-British biochemist)
*   Johanna Budwig (German biochemist)
*   Robert Feulgen (German chemist)
*   Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (German scientist)
*   Robert Huber (German chemist)
*   Hans Sachs (German serologist)
*   Paul D. Boyer (American biochemist)
*   Wendell Meredith Stanley (American biochemist and virologist)
*   Edwin G. Krebs (American biochemist)
*   Stanley B. Prusiner (American neurologist and biochemist)
*   Hugo Theorell (biochemist)
*   Roger D. Kornberg (American biochemist)
*   Gerty Cori (Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist)
*   Walter Gilbert (American biochemist)
*   Selman Abraham Waksman (American scientist, biochemist, microbiologist)
*   David Baltimore (American biologist and Nobel laureate)
*   Robert H. Burris (American biochemist)
*   Tim Hunt (Biochemist; Nobel laureate)
*   Michael Kearney (American child prodigy)
*   Sergei Winogradsky (Ukrainian microbiologist)
*   Marc Kirschner (American biologist)
*   Patrick O. Brown (American biochemist, inventor and entrepreneur)
*   Pierre Joliot (French biochemist)
*   Phoebus Levene (Lithuanian-American chemist)
*   David Julius (American physiologist and Nobel laureate 2021)
*   Greg Winter (British biochemist)
*   Marceli Nencki (Polish chemist)
*   Gulbrand Lunde (Norwegian politician)
*   Leroy Hood (American biologist)
*   Ronald W. Davis (American biochemist)
*   Theodore Sourkes (Canadian biochemist and chemist)
*   Garry Abelev (Russian tumor immunologist)
*   Anatoly Sharpenak (biochemist)
*   Alejandra Bravo (Mexican biochemist)
*   Dean Burk (cancer researcher)
*   Elkan Blout (American biochemist)
*   Govindarajan Padmanabhan (Indian academic)
*   Lourdes J. Cruz (Filipino biochemist)
*   Carl Gotthelf Lehmann (German chemist and physiologist)
*   Jeffery W. Kelly (American chemist)
*   Kenneth V. Thimann (American botanist)
*   Yakoub Hanna (Palestinian researcher in molecular biochemistry)
*   Gabriella Morreale (Italian-Spanish scientist and chemist)
*   A. S. Vecher (Belarusian poet)
*   Maud Menten (Canadian physician and chemist)
*   Konrad Emil Bloch (German American biochemist)
*   James Collip (Canadian biochemist)
*   Rudolph Schoenheimer (German-American biochemist)
*   Hans Kornberg (British biochemist)
*   Heinrich Wieland (German Nobel laureate in Chemistry)
*   Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (German biologist)
*   James Watson (American molecular biologist, geneticist, zoologist and Nobel Laureate)
*   Joël de Rosnay (French scientist)
*   Wolfram Saenger (German biochemist)
*   Klaus Weber (German scientist)
*   Robert W. Holley (American biochemist)
*   Edward Calvin Kendall (American chemist)
*   Gottfried Schatz (biochemist)
*   Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (Finnish chemist and professor)
*   Albert Szent-Györgyi (Hungarian biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine)
*   Arthur Harden (British biochemist)
*   Peter D. Mitchell (British biochemist)
*   Albert Claude (cell biologist)
*   Severo Ochoa (Spanish physician)
*   Frederick Hopkins (English biochemist)
*   Christian de Duve (Belgian biochemist, cytologist)
*   Joseph L. Goldstein (American biochemist)
*   Alberto Granado (Argentine-Cuban biochemistry doctor, writer, scientist)
*   Joseph Needham (British biochemist, historian and sinologist)
*   Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen (Danish chemist)

## References

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