# Battery states online estimation based on exponential decay particle swarm optimization and proportional-integral observer with a hybrid battery model

> Research article (Energy, 2019) · cited 51× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W2983907342](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W2983907342)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/battery-states-online-estimation-based-on-exponential-decay-particle-swarm-optimization-and-proportional-integral-observ