# Baibars

> 4th Sultan of Egypt from 1260 to 1277

**Wikidata**: [Q192960](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/baibars

## Summary
Baibars was a 13th-century military commander and ruler who served as the fourth Sultan of Egypt from 1260 to 1277. He was renowned for leading Egyptian forces to victory against the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 and participating in multiple Crusader battles.

## Biography
- Born: July 19, 1223
- Nationality: Egypt
- Education: Not specified
- Known for: Military leadership, defeating Mongols at Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)
- Employer(s): Mamluk Sultanate
- Field(s): Military command, rulership

## Contributions
Baibars strengthened the Mamluk Sultanate's military and political power during his reign from 1260 to 1277. His most significant contribution was leading Egyptian forces to victory against the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which halted the Mongol advance. He also fought in numerous Crusader battles including Battle of Mansurah (1250), Battle of Fariskur (1250), and Fall of Arsuf (1265). In 1277, he led Egyptian forces in the Battle of Elbistan in southern Turkey. His military campaigns established Egypt as a regional power and demonstrated effective resistance to both Crusader and Mongol expansions.

## FAQs
Q: What major battles did Baibars participate in?
A: Baibars participated in several significant battles including the Battle of Mansurah (1250), Battle of Fariskur (1250), Battle of Ain Jalut (1260), Fall of Arsuf (1265), and Battle of Elbistan (1277).

Q: When was Baibars the Sultan of Egypt?
A: Baibars served as the fourth Sultan of Egypt from 1260 to 1277.

Q: How did Baibars impact the relationship between Egypt and Mongols?
A: Baibars' leadership at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 decisively defeated the Mongol Empire, preventing their southward expansion and establishing Egypt as a dominant regional power.

Q: What role did Baibars play in the Crusades?
A: Baibars fought against Crusader forces in several battles including the Battle of Mansurah and Battle of Fariskur during the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254), and later during the Ninth Crusade (1271-1272).

## Why They Matter
Baibars fundamentally changed the military and political landscape of the Middle East in the 13th century. His victory at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 halted the seemingly unstoppable Mongol advance that had devastated much of Asia and Eastern Europe. This victory established the Mamluk Sultanate as a regional power and prevented the Mongols from conquering Egypt and potentially North Africa. Baibars also demonstrated effective resistance to Crusader forces, consolidating Muslim control over the Holy Land. His military strategies and governance influenced subsequent rulers in the region and shaped the course of Islamic history.

## Notable For
- Leading the Mamluk forces to victory against the Mongols at Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260
- Serving as the fourth Sultan of Egypt from 1260 to 1277
- Fighting in multiple Crusader battles including Battle of Mansurah (1250) and Battle of Fariskur (1250)
- Leading Egyptian forces at the Fall of Arsuf in 1265
- Participating in the Battle of Elbistan in southern Turkey in 1277
- Being known by multiple aliases including al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Baybars I al-Bunduqdārī and Rukn al-Dīn

## Body
### Early Life and Background
Baibars, also known by various aliases including al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Baybars I al-Bunduqdārī and Rukn al-Dīn, was born on July 19, 1223. He was a human member of the species Homo sapiens and held Egyptian citizenship. His full name appears as al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din al-Salihi Baybars.

### Military Career
Baibars served as a military commander, leading forces in several significant battles. His military career began during the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254), where he fought at the Battle of Mansurah (1250) and the Battle of Fariskur (1250) in the Nile River Delta. These battles were part of the conflict between the Crusader states and Egyptian forces.

### Leadership of Egypt
Baibars became the fourth Sultan of Egypt in 1260, ruling until his death on July 1, 1277. During his reign, he led the Mamluk Sultanate, a state controlling Egypt, Hejaz and the Levant from 1250–1517. His leadership transformed the Sultanate into a regional power capable of resisting external threats.

### Key Military Victories
One of Baibars' most significant achievements was his leadership at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. This battle between the Egypt Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire was a decisive victory that halted the Mongol advance southward. In 1265, he led Egyptian forces in the Fall of Arsuf, a battle in the later Crusades in Palestine. In 1277, he participated in the Battle of Elbistan in southern Turkey, further demonstrating his military prowess.

### Legacy
Baibars' military victories established Egypt as a dominant regional power in the 13th century. His resistance to both Crusader and Mongol forces protected Muslim lands and preserved Islamic political and cultural influence in the region. His leadership during the Ninth Crusade (1271-1272) further cemented Egypt's position as a formidable state. Baibars died on July 1, 1277, but his military strategies and governance continued to influence subsequent rulers in the region, leaving a lasting impact on Middle Eastern history.

## References

1. Dictionary of African Biography
2. International Standard Name Identifier
3. BnF authorities
4. Virtual International Authority File
5. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
6. CERL Thesaurus
7. Quora
8. [Oxford African American Studies Center](https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48388)
9. Nanan
10. [Source](https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Bajbars-al-Malik-az-Zahir;3873420.html)
11. [Source](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/baybars-i)
12. HMML Authority File