# Backpropagation-free training of deep physical neural networks

> Research article (Science, 2023) · cited 100× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W4388937805](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W4388937805)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/backpropagation-free-training-of-deep-physical-neural-networks