# Assessing causal claims about complex engineered systems with quantitative data: internal, external, and construct validity

> Research article (Systems Engineering, 2017) · cited 24× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W2790805011](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W2790805011)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/assessing-causal-claims-about-complex-engineered-systems-with-quantitative-data-internal-external-and-construct-validity