# Argentina

> country in South America

**Wikidata**: [Q414](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/argentina

## Summary

Argentina is a sovereign state and federal republic located in the southern portion of South America, bordered by Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the United Kingdom. It declared independence on July 9, 1816, and today serves as the second-largest country in South America by area and one of the region's most culturally and economically significant nations, with a population of approximately 47.3 million people as of 2022.

## Key Facts

- **Official Name:** República Argentina (preferred), also known as Argentine Republic, Republic of Argentina
- **Capital:** Buenos Aires
- **Independence:** July 9, 1816 (replaced Colonial Argentina and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata)
- **Area:** 2,780,400 square kilometres
- **Population (2022 Census):** 47,327,407 people
- **Form of Government:** Federal republic, sovereign state, nation, confessional state
- **Head of State:** President Javier Milei (since December 10, 2023)
- **Official Language:** Spanish (de facto)
- **Official Religion:** Catholic Church
- **Currency:** Argentine convertible peso (since January 1, 1992)
- **Driving Side:** Right (since June 10, 1945)
- **Electricity:** 220V at 50Hz
- **Time Zone:** UTC−03:00
- **ISO Codes:** AR (alpha-2), ARG (alpha-3), 032 (numeric)
- **Internet Domain:** .ar
- **International Calling Code:** +54
- **Highest Point:** Aconcagua (6,961 meters)
- **Lowest Point:** Laguna del Carbón (−105 meters)
- **Literacy Rate:** 99% (2016)
- **Life Expectancy:** 76 years (2022)
- **Human Development Index (2021):** 0.842
- **Gini Coefficient (2020):** 0.423
- **VAT Rate:** 21%
- **Age of Majority:** 18 years
- **Marriageable Age:** 18 years (all genders)
- **Emergency Numbers:** 911 (general), 100 (fire), 101 (police), 117

## FAQs

**What countries border Argentina?**
Argentina shares borders with Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the United Kingdom (specifically the Falkland Islands/Malvinas).

**What are Argentina's main economic indicators?**
Argentina's nominal GDP was approximately $632.79 billion in 2022 and $646.08 billion in 2023. The country has experienced significant economic fluctuations, with GDP ranging from $97.7 billion in 2002 during the economic crisis to over $643 billion in 2017.

**What organizations is Argentina a member of?**
Argentina is a member of the United Nations (since 1945), G20, World Trade Organization (since 1995), Organization of American States, Union of South American Nations, Andean Community, and numerous other international organizations including UNESCO, WHO, WTO, Interpol, and the Antarctic Treaty System.

**What is Argentina's demographic composition?**
According to 2010 data, Argentina's population is 97.2% European descent, 2.4% indigenous peoples, and 0.4% Afro-Argentines. The population is predominantly urban, with 42,696,478 urban residents in 2022 versus 3,538,352 rural residents.

**What is Argentina's political structure?**
Argentina is a federal republic with 23 provinces and one autonomous city (Buenos Aires). The legislative body is the Argentine National Congress, comprising the Argentine Senate and Chamber of Deputies. The highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court of Argentina.

**What languages are spoken in Argentina?**
While Spanish is the official de facto language, Argentina also recognizes numerous indigenous languages including South Bolivian Quechua, Yaghan, Vilela, Ona, Mapudungun, Guaraní, and Argentine Sign Language, among others.

**What are Argentina's key economic sectors?**
Argentina has a diverse economy with significant agricultural (beef, soybeans, grains), industrial (manufacturing, mining), and service sectors. The country has experienced multiple currency reforms, transitioning through the peso moneda nacional, peso ley, peso argentino, austral, and current convertible peso.

## Why It Matters

Argentina holds significant importance in global affairs for several interconnected reasons. As the second-largest economy in South America and a founding member of the G20, Argentina plays a pivotal role in shaping regional economic policy and international trade negotiations. Its agricultural output—particularly soybeans, beef, and grains—positions it as a critical player in global food security and commodity markets.

The country's political evolution from colonial territory to independent nation reflects broader patterns of Latin American decolonization and state-building. Argentina's experience with economic volatility, including periodic crises and currency reforms, provides valuable lessons in fiscal policy, international finance, and economic development strategies. The country's default on sovereign debt in 2001 remains one of the most significant default events in modern economic history.

Culturally, Argentina's influence extends far beyond its borders through its contributions to literature, music (tango), football, and cinema. The country has produced world-renowned cultural figures and maintains strong diaspora communities in Spain, Italy, and the United States. Its educational institutions and universities attract students from across Latin America, contributing to regional human capital development.

Argentina's geographic position grants it strategic importance in South American geopolitics, particularly regarding its relationships with Brazil, Chile, and the United Kingdom over territorial disputes. Its claims in Antarctica and the South Atlantic Islands represent ongoing international diplomatic challenges. Additionally, Argentina's vast natural resources, including lithium reserves crucial for battery technology, position it increasingly important in global energy transitions.

## Notable For

- **Aconcagua:** Highest peak in the Western Hemisphere and outside Asia, standing at 6,961 meters
- **Population Growth:** Experienced rapid demographic expansion from approximately 4 million in 1895 to over 47 million in 2022
- **Literacy Achievement:** Reached 99% literacy rate, one of the highest in Latin America
- **Constitutional History:** Adopted multiple constitutions, with the current Constitution of Argentina serving as the foundational legal document
- **Football Legacy:** Produced numerous world-class footballers and won the FIFA World Cup twice (1978, 1986)
- **Economic Fluctuations:** Experienced dramatic economic transformations including multiple currency changes and sovereign debt defaults
- **Cultural Exports:** Tango music and dance recognized globally as UNESCO Cultural Heritage
- **Agricultural Production:** One of the world's largest producers of soybeans, beef, and agricultural commodities
- **Demographic Diversity:** Home to numerous indigenous languages and cultural traditions alongside European heritage
- **International Relations:** Maintains diplomatic relations with over 50 countries and holds observer status in multiple international organizations

## Body

### History and Political Development

Argentina's political development began with Spanish colonization in the 16th century, evolving through the colonial period known as Colonial Argentina. The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata emerged as the immediate predecessor to the modern state following the May Revolution of 1810. On July 9, 1816, the Declaration of Independence was formally issued at the Congress of Tucumán, establishing the Argentine Republic.

The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed significant political instability, including periods of military rule, democratic transitions, and the infamous Dirty War (1976-1983) during military dictatorship. The return to democracy in 1983 marked a turning point, though the country continued to experience economic challenges including the 2001 crisis, one of the most severe in Argentine history.

The current President, Javier Milei, assumed office on December 10, 2023, succeeding Alberto Fernández. The government operates through the executive branch headed by the President, the legislative branch through the Argentine National Congress (Argentine Senate and Chamber of Deputies), and the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court of Argentina.

### Geography and Natural Features

Argentina occupies 2,780,400 square kilometres, making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil. The geography encompasses diverse landscapes from the subtropical north to the subantarctic south. The highest point is Aconcagua at 6,961 meters above sea level, while the lowest point is Laguna del Carbón at −105 meters.

The country's territorial extremes span considerable latitude: the northernmost point reaches lat: -21.8, lon: -66.22, while the southernmost point extends to lat: -55.05727809, lon: -66.44649049. The westernmost point is at lat: -49.94475793, lon: -73.56030107, and the easternmost point at lat: -26.24965082, lon: -53.63749757.

Argentina shares land borders with Bolivia (Argentina–Bolivia border), Brazil (Argentina–Brazil border), Chile (Argentina–Chile border), Paraguay (Argentina–Paraguay border), and Uruguay (Argentina–Uruguay border), plus maritime boundaries with the United Kingdom concerning the Falkland Islands.

The country comprises 23 provinces and one autonomous city: Buenos Aires Province, Catamarca Province, Chaco Province, Córdoba Province, Corrientes Province, Entre Ríos Province, Formosa Province, Jujuy Province, La Pampa, La Rioja Province, Mendoza Province, Misiones Province, Neuquén Province, Río Negro Province, Salta Province, San Juan Province, San Luis Province, Santa Cruz Province, Santa Fe Province, Santiago del Estero Province, Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands Province, Tucumán Province, and Chubut Province.

### Economy and Trade

Argentina possesses one of the largest economies in Latin America, with nominal GDP reaching $632.79 billion in 2022 and $646.08 billion in 2023. The country has experienced significant economic volatility throughout its history, with GDP fluctuating dramatically—from $97.7 billion in 2002 during the economic crisis to peaks exceeding $640 billion in recent years.

The national currency has undergone multiple transformations: peso moneda nacional (1881-1969), Argentine peso ley (1970-1983), peso argentino (1983-1985), Argentine austral (1985-1992), and Argentine convertible peso (since 1992). The current currency maintains a fixed exchange rate regime that has influenced economic policy decisions.

Key economic sectors include agriculture (soybeans, beef, corn, wheat), manufacturing (automobiles, electronics, textiles), mining (gold, silver, copper, lithium), and services. Argentina holds significant lithium reserves, positioning it importantly in the global electric vehicle battery supply chain.

The country participates in regional trade agreements through Mercosur and maintains bilateral trade relationships with major partners including Brazil, China, the United States, and European Union members. The Gini coefficient of 0.423 (2020) indicates significant income inequality, while unemployment has varied from 6% in 1991 to 21.5% during the 2001 crisis.

### Demographics and Society

The 2022 census recorded a population of 47,327,407, representing significant growth from 3,954,911 in 1895 and 20,623,998 in 1960. The population distribution shows heavy urbanization, with 42,696,478 urban residents versus 3,538,352 rural residents in 2022.

Gender distribution shows 22,889,298 males and 23,345,532 females as of 2022. The birth rate has declined from 14.783 (2019) to 13.794 (2022) per 1,000 population, while death rates increased from 7.6 (2019) to 8.589 (2022). The total fertility rate stands at 2.15 (2024), reflecting demographic transition.

Ethnic composition (2010 census) shows European descent at 97.2%, indigenous peoples at 2.4%, and Afro-Argentines at 0.4%. The literacy rate reached 99% by 2016, demonstrating substantial educational progress. Life expectancy has remained stable at approximately 76 years in recent years.

The official language is Spanish (de facto), though numerous indigenous languages maintain recognition including South Bolivian Quechua, Yaghan, Vilela, Ona, Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Pilagá, Mocoví, Mapudungun, and others. Argentine Sign Language serves the deaf community.

### International Relations and Memberships

Argentina maintains diplomatic relations with numerous countries including Brazil, United States, Russia, Italy, Australia, Germany, Israel, United Kingdom, Holy See, Belarus, Ukraine, Qatar, Morocco, France, Canada, Croatia, Indonesia, South Africa, Spain, Chile, Switzerland, Angola, Peru, Turkey, Portugal, European Union, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Egypt, Pakistan, Taiwan, Philippines, Mexico, Sweden, Serbia, Greece, People's Republic of China, Bangladesh, Georgia, Ireland, North Korea, and Hungary.

The country holds membership in major international organizations: United Nations (since October 24, 1945), G20, World Trade Organization (since January 1, 1995), Organization of American States (since 1948), Union of South American Nations, Andean Community, and UNESCO (since September 15, 1948).

Additional memberships include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (since 1956), International Development Association (since 1962), International Finance Corporation (since 1959), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (since 1992), Interpol (founder member since 1947), Nuclear Suppliers Group, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (since 1997), World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization (since 1951), and the Antarctic Treaty System.

### Culture and National Symbols

The national flag features the Sky Blue and White with the Sun of May at its center, adopted officially on July 25, 1985. The coat of arms depicts the "Sun of May" surrounded by olive branches. The national anthem is the Argentine National Anthem, with official audio available in Spanish.

The official motto "En unión y libertad" (In unity and freedom) encapsulates national values. The tourism slogan "Beats to your rhythm" promotes the country's vibrant cultural identity.

Cultural contributions include tango, a UNESCO-recognized intangible cultural heritage, football (soccer) with two World Cup victories (1978, 1986), and literary figures including Jorge Luis Borges. The country hosts numerous cultural institutions and maintains traditions blending European and indigenous influences.

### Infrastructure and Standards

Standard voltage is 220V at 50Hz, with electrical plugs using Europlug and AS/NZS 3112 types. Railway traffic operates on the left side, while road traffic follows the right side (since June 10, 1945). The telephone country code is +54, with mobile country code 722.

License plate code is "RA" since 1927. The country uses Unicode character 🇦🇷 for representation. Internet top-level domain is .ar, with the official government website at https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ (in Spanish).

### Education and Social Indicators

Compulsory education spans from age 4 (minimum) to age 17 (maximum). The literacy rate of 99% (2016) places Argentina among the most educated nations in Latin America. The human development index reached 0.842 in 2021, classified as very high development.

The inequality-adjusted human development index stood at 0.720 in 2021, reflecting progress in addressing socioeconomic disparities. Education infrastructure includes public universities and technical institutions, with the University of Buenos Aires being one of the largest in Latin America.

### Military and Security

The military forces include the Argentine Army, Argentine Navy, and Argentine Air Force. The country has participated in international peacekeeping missions and maintains defense relationships with various nations. Emergency services operate through multiple phone numbers: 911 (general emergencies), 100 (fire department), 101 (police), and 117.

### Regional and Global Influence

Argentina plays a significant role in regional affairs through Mercosur, the Pacific Alliance dialogue, and bilateral agreements. The country hosted the 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit, demonstrating its importance in global governance. Argentina's stance on various international issues, including the Falklands/Malvinas dispute with the United Kingdom, reflects its assertiveness in territorial matters.

The country's cultural influence extends through sports, music, literature, and cinema. Argentine football players compete in top European leagues, and the national team remains a consistent presence in World Cup competitions. The diaspora communities in Spain, Italy, and the United States maintain strong cultural ties to the homeland.

### Natural Resources and Environment

Argentina possesses significant natural resources including fertile agricultural land (Pampas region), mineral deposits (lithium, copper, gold, silver), petroleum and natural gas reserves, and extensive water resources from the Paraná and Paraguay rivers. The country maintains numerous national parks and protected areas preserving diverse ecosystems from tropical forests to glacial regions.

The lowest temperature record of -32.8°C was registered in Sarmiento on June 1, 1907, demonstrating the country's climatic diversity. Environmental challenges include deforestation, water pollution, and climate change impacts on agricultural productivity.

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