# Animal testing for vaccines. Implementing replacement, reduction and refinement: challenges and priorities

> Research article (Biologicals, 2020) · cited 54× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W3091934739](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W3091934739)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/animal-testing-for-vaccines-implementing-replacement-reduction-and-refinement-challenges-and-priorities