# analytical chemistry

> study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials

**Wikidata**: [Q2346](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/analytical-chemistry

## Summary
Analytical chemistry is the scientific study dedicated to the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials. As a fundamental subdiscipline of chemistry, it provides the essential methods and tools required to understand the composition and structure of matter across various industries and research fields.

## Key Facts
- **Definition**: The study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials.
- **Parent Discipline**: It is a branch of chemistry, which is the branch of physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter.
- **Sub-disciplines**: Includes Bioanalysis, structural chemistry, post-mortem chemistry, wet chemistry, elutriation, and Aquametry.
- **Specific Techniques**: Encompasses methods such as standard addition, Bromatometry, and the use of analytical chemical techniques.
- **Founding Organization**: The Society for Analytical Chemistry was established in 1874 in the United Kingdom.
- **Notable Figures**: Key contributors include John Alexander Reina Newlands, Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov, Torbern Bergman, Ludwig Wolff, Paul B. Coremans, Raychelle Burks, Zoltán Illés, Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Yulia Sister, Grigory Rodchenkov, Fritz Strassmann, Carl Remigius Fresenius, Izaak Kolthoff, Nikolai Menshutkin, Thomas Summers West, Vyacheslav Tishchenko, Jane Catherine Ngila, Paul D. Boyer, and L. S. Ettre.
- **Historical Context**: Thomas Summers West was born on November 18, 1927, and died in 2010; Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov lived from 1860 to 1941; Carl Remigius Fresenius lived from 1818 to 1897; Fritz Strassmann lived from 1902 to 1980; Nikolai Menshutkin lived from 1842 to 1907; Vyacheslav Tishchenko lived from 1861 to 1941; Paul D. Boyer lived from 1918 to 2018; and L. S. Ettre lived from 1922 to 2010.
- **Angela Merkel**: Served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and holds an occupation in chemistry.
- **Identifiers**: The entity is associated with numerous identifiers including GND (4129906-1), LCCN (sh85023011), BNF (11931186j), NDL (00561030), and MeSH (D056246).
- **Classification Codes**: It is classified under UDC (543), Dewey Decimal (543), and has specific codes in various international databases such as NDL (168), and others.
- **Multilingual Titles**: Known as "química analítica" (Spanish), "chimie-analytique" (French), "analytische-chemie" (German), "analytisk kjemi" (Norwegian), "analytisk kemi" (Danish), "analisi-chimica-strumentale" (Italian), and "quimica-analitica" (Portuguese).
- **Wikidata Instance**: It is an instance of Q11790203, Q11862829, and Q4671286, and is a subclass of Q2329.
- **Media Assets**: Associated with images such as "Gas Chromatography Laboratory.jpg" and "Analytical instrument.png".

## FAQs
**What are the primary functions of analytical chemistry?**
The field focuses on separating complex mixtures, identifying specific chemical components within a sample, and quantifying the exact amount of each substance present. These processes are critical for ensuring material purity, safety, and compliance in scientific and industrial applications.

**How does analytical chemistry relate to other scientific disciplines?**
It serves as a foundational tool for chemistry and intersects heavily with biology through bioanalysis and forensic science. It also supports fields like environmental studies, medicine, and materials science by providing precise data on chemical composition.

**What are some specific sub-fields within analytical chemistry?**
Notable sub-disciplines include wet chemistry, which involves analysis in the liquid phase, and Aquametry, which specifically measures water content in materials. Other specialized areas include post-mortem chemistry for studying cadavers and structural chemistry for examining crystal structures.

**Who are some influential figures in the history of this field?**
Prominent chemists include Carl Remigius Fresenius, a German pioneer in the 19th century, and Izaak Kolthoff, a Dutch-American analytical chemist. Modern figures include Raychelle Burks, an American forensic chemist and science communicator, and Angela Merkel, who worked as a chemist before her political career.

**What organizations support the advancement of analytical chemistry?**
The Society for Analytical Chemistry, founded in 1874 in the United Kingdom, is a key learned society dedicated to the field. International collaboration is further supported by standardization bodies that manage terminology and promote global research efforts.

## Why It Matters
Analytical chemistry is indispensable for modern scientific inquiry because it provides the only reliable means to determine the exact composition of materials. Without its methods for separation and quantification, advancements in drug discovery, environmental monitoring, and forensic investigations would be impossible. It acts as the quality control mechanism for the chemical industry, ensuring that products ranging from pharmaceuticals to fuels meet strict safety and purity standards. Furthermore, it plays a critical role in addressing global challenges such as climate change by enabling precise measurement of pollutants and the development of sustainable materials. Its ability to analyze biological substances through biomonitoring also safeguards public health by tracking toxic compounds in living organisms.

## Notable For
- **Separation and Quantification**: It is uniquely defined by its ability to separate complex mixtures and quantify chemical components with high precision.
- **Diverse Methodologies**: The field utilizes a wide array of techniques, from traditional wet chemistry to advanced instrumental analysis like chromatography and spectroscopy.
- **Specialized Applications**: It is the only discipline dedicated to specific tasks such as Aquametry (water measurement) and post-mortem chemical analysis.
- **Historical Continuity**: The field has a rich history spanning from the work of 18th-century pioneers like Torbern Bergman to modern experts like Grigory Rodchenkov.
- **Global Standardization**: It is supported by a vast network of international identifiers and multilingual terminologies, ensuring global consistency in scientific communication.
- **Interdisciplinary Reach**: It bridges the gap between pure chemistry and applied sciences like medicine, engineering, and environmental protection.
- **Institutional Legacy**: The establishment of the Society for Analytical Chemistry in 1874 marks a significant milestone in the professionalization of the field.

## Body

### Core Definition and Scope
Analytical chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials. It is a subdiscipline of chemistry, which itself is the branch of physical science studying the composition, structure, and properties of matter. The field is essential for understanding the material world, providing the data necessary for advancements in medicine, materials science, and environmental studies. It operates as an academic discipline and a major focus of academic study leading to degrees ranging from undergraduate to doctoral levels.

### Sub-disciplines and Specialized Fields
The domain of analytical chemistry encompasses several distinct sub-disciplines and specialized areas. Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline focused on the measurement of chemical compounds in biological substances. Structural chemistry is a branch dedicated to the study of crystal structures and molecular arrangements. Post-mortem chemistry is a specific branch used for studying chemical and biochemical phenomena in cadavers. Wet chemistry represents a form of analytical chemistry where the majority of analysis is conducted in the liquid phase. Elutriation is a technique used for particle separation within this field. Aquametry is a specialized analytical process designed specifically to measure the water present in materials.

### Techniques and Methodologies
Analytical chemistry employs a variety of specific techniques and methods to achieve its goals. Standard addition is a recognized method used to determine the concentration of an analyte. Bromatometry is another specific technique utilized within the field. The discipline relies heavily on analytical chemical techniques, which are the specific tools and procedures used to perform analysis. These techniques often involve advanced instrumentation, though the source material also highlights the importance of wet chemistry methods. The field is also associated with the study of crystallography, which is the scientific study of crystal structures.

### Historical Development and Key Figures
The history of analytical chemistry is marked by the contributions of numerous influential chemists from around the world. Torbern Bergman, a Swedish chemist, made early contributions to the field. Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, is another notable historical figure. Carl Remigius Fresenius (1818–1897) was a German chemist who advanced the discipline. Nikolai Menshutkin (1842–1907) and Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov (1860–1941) were Russian chemists who contributed significantly. Fritz Strassmann (1902–1980) was a German chemist known for his work. Vyacheslav Tishchenko (1861–1941) was a Russian chemist active in the field.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the field continued to evolve with figures like Izaak Kolthoff (1894–1993), a Dutch-American analytical chemist and university teacher. Thomas Summers West (1927–2010) was a Scottish chemist born on November 18, 1927. L. S. Ettre (1922–2010) was a Hungarian academic who worked in the field. Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018) was an American biochemist with connections to analytical chemistry. Raychelle Burks is an American analytical and forensic chemist and science communicator. Yulia Sister was a Soviet Moldavian and Israeli chemist-analyst. Grigory Rodchenkov is a former Russian doping executive with a background in the field. Paul B. Coremans was a scientist who advanced cultural heritage management and curation. Angela Merkel, who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021, also has a background in chemistry. John Alexander Reina Newlands was a British chemist known for his work on the periodicity of elements. Zoltán Illés is a Hungarian politician with a background in chemistry. Jane Catherine Ngila is a Kenyan chemist. Ludwig Wolff (1857–1919) was a German chemist.

### Organizations and Institutional Framework
The Society for Analytical Chemistry is a learned society that was founded in 1874 in the United Kingdom. It operates within the industry of scientific research and education. This organization plays a vital role in fostering collaboration and setting standards for the field. The discipline is recognized globally through various academic and professional channels, with a significant sitelink count indicating its widespread recognition in academic and scientific communities.

### Identifiers and Classification
Analytical chemistry is cataloged under numerous international identifiers and classification systems. It is assigned the GND number 4129906-1 and the LCCN number sh85023011. The BNF identifier is 11931186j, and the NDL number is 00561030. In the MeSH database, it is identified as D056246. The Wikidata entity is Q11790203, and it is also associated with Q11862829 and Q4671286. It is a subclass of Q2329. The entity has a sitelink count of 114 across various language Wikipedias. Other identifiers include P508 (787), P646 (/m/0z8h), P672 (H01.181.309), P691 (ph114036), P1036 (543), P1051 (5653), P1150 (VG), P1190 (543), P1245 (168), P1296 (0154084), P1368 (000065574), P2004 (8466, 173), P2347 (15887), P2581 (00065551n), P2892 (C0007998), P3219 (chimie-analytique), P3417 (Analytical-Chemistry), P3471 (55024), P3553 (19659044), P3827 (analytical-chemistry), P3847 (analytic_chemistry), P3916 (concept137), P3964 (5785), P4342 (analytisk_kjemi), P4613 (44041), P4644 (1b61166d-0495-4f16-aff0-f564d3a8afb3), P5019 (analytische-chemie), P5437 (5300), P6293 (Y94646), P6366 (115704247, 2909249449, 2909938964), P6385 (nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/HIMIYA_ANALITICHESKAYA.html), P6564 (analytical-chemistry), P8189 (987012431011605171), P8248 (E:3), P8309 (18-208580), P8313 (analytisk_kemi), P8373 (razdely/nauka/analiticheskaya-himiya), P8377 (razdely/nauka/analiticheskaya-himiya), P8408 (AnalyticalChemistry), P8529 (3401, 340199), P9222 (80772), P10037 (analisi-chimica-strumentale), P10203 (1602), P10380 (analytical-chemistry), P10565 (17403), P11514 (analiticheskaia-khimiia-eb204f), P12385 (quimica-analitica), P13591 (concept/dfafe602-af34-41c6-bed7-891ed1534859), P13691 (20545), and P13781 (69054136872291).

### Multilingual and Media Presence
The field is known by various names in different languages, reflecting its global importance. These include "química analítica" in Spanish, "chimie-analytique" in French, "analytische-chemie" in German, "analytisk kjemi" in Norwegian, "analytisk kemi" in Danish, "analisi-chimica-strumentale" in Italian, and "quimica-analitica" in Portuguese. The entity is associated with specific media assets, including the image "Gas Chromatography Laboratory.jpg" and "Analytical instrument.png". It also has an audio file associated with it: "LL-Q1321 (spa)-ElsaBornFree-química analítica.wav".

### Academic and Professional Context
Analytical chemistry is taught at academic institutions worldwide and is a focus of academic study leading to degrees. It is classified as an academic discipline and an academic major. The field is linked to the occupation of chemist, with many of its notable figures holding this title. It intersects with other fields such as biomonitoring, which involves the measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds. The discipline is also connected to the broader context of chemical warfare, environmental responsibility, and the ethical considerations of synthetic biology.

## References

1. Directory of Open Access Journals
2. [Nuovo soggettario](https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=787)
3. [Source](https://lingualibre.fr/wiki/Q214510)
4. Nuovo soggettario
5. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
6. YSO-Wikidata mapping project
7. BabelNet
8. UMLS 2023
9. CC 6
10. KBpedia
11. [Source](https://vocabs.ardc.edu.au/viewById/316)
12. All Science Journal Classification Codes