# An Empirical Study of Refactorings and Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems

> Research article (2021 IEEE/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), 2021) · cited 60× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W3130276836](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W3130276836)  
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