# An Air-to-Fuel ratio estimation strategy for turbocharged spark-ignition engines based on sparse binary HEGO sensor measures and hybrid linear observers

> Research article (Control Engineering Practice, 2020) · cited 15× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W3108694021](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W3108694021)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/an-air-to-fuel-ratio-estimation-strategy-for-turbocharged-spark-ignition-engines-based-on-sparse-binary-hego-sensor-meas