# Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

> Iranian politician (1934–2017)

**Wikidata**: [Q186111](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186111)  
**Wikipedia**: [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/akbar-hashemi-rafsanjani

## Summary
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was an Iranian politician who served as the President of Iran from 1989 to 1997 and again from 2005 to 2013. He was a key figure in shaping Iran's political and economic policies during critical periods, including the Iran–Iraq War and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.

## Biography
- Born: August 25, 1934
- Nationality: Iranian
- Education:
  - Bachelor's degree from the University of Tehran (1956)
  - Master's degree from the University of Isfahan (1958)
  - Doctorate from the University of Qom (1970)
- Known for: Leading Iran as President during pivotal moments in its history, including the Iran–Iraq War and the 1979 Revolution
- Employer(s):
  - President of Iran (1989–1997, 2005–2013)
  - Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–1997, acting role)
- Field(s): Political leadership, governance, and economic policy

## Contributions
- **Presidency (1989–1997)**: Oversaw Iran's response to the Iran–Iraq War, implemented economic reforms, and managed domestic political stability.
- **Presidency (2005–2013)**: Led Iran through significant economic and political challenges, including the 2009 presidential election protests.
- **Legacy**: Shaped Iran's political and economic trajectory, influencing its relationship with international powers and regional dynamics.

## FAQs
**What were Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani's major political roles?**
He served as President of Iran twice—first from 1989 to 1997 and again from 2005 to 2013—and held the acting role of Supreme Leader during the same periods.

**Where did Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani study?**
He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Tehran (1956), a master's from the University of Isfahan (1958), and a doctorate from the University of Qom (1970).

**What was his role during the Iran–Iraq War?**
As President from 1989 to 1997, he led Iran's response to the war, implementing economic and military strategies to sustain the conflict.

**How did his presidency impact Iran's economy?**
His economic policies aimed to stabilize the economy, manage inflation, and implement reforms to address the challenges posed by the war and post-war recovery.

**What was his stance on the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests?**
He played a role in managing the protests following the disputed election, balancing between suppressing dissent and maintaining political stability.

## Why They Matter
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani's presidency was marked by significant political and economic challenges, including the Iran–Iraq War and the 2009 protests. His leadership shaped Iran's relationship with international powers and influenced its domestic political landscape. His policies and decisions had lasting impacts on Iran's governance, economy, and regional influence.

## Notable For
- **Presidential Leadership**: Served as President of Iran twice, overseeing critical periods in its history.
- **Economic Policy**: Implemented economic reforms to stabilize Iran's economy during wartime and post-war recovery.
- **Political Stability**: Managed domestic political challenges, including the 2009 protests, to maintain governance.
- **Legacy**: Influenced Iran's political and economic trajectory, shaping its relationship with international powers and regional dynamics.

## Body
### Early Life and Education
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was born on August 25, 1934. He pursued higher education at prestigious Iranian institutions, earning a bachelor's degree from the University of Tehran in 1956, a master's from the University of Isfahan in 1958, and a doctorate from the University of Qom in 1970. His academic background laid the foundation for his later political career.

### Political Career
#### First Presidency (1989–1997)
Hashemi Rafsanjani became President of Iran in 1989, a role he held until 1997. During this period, he oversaw Iran's response to the Iran–Iraq War, which began in 1980. His leadership involved implementing economic and military strategies to sustain the conflict and manage the war's impact on the country. He also played an acting role as Supreme Leader, further consolidating his influence in Iran's political landscape.

#### Second Presidency (2005–2013)
He returned to the presidency in 2005, serving until 2013. This second term was marked by significant economic and political challenges, including the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests. His policies aimed to address these issues while maintaining political stability. His tenure was characterized by a focus on economic reforms and managing domestic political tensions.

### Legacy and Influence
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani's presidency had a profound impact on Iran's political and economic trajectory. His leadership during the Iran–Iraq War and the 2009 protests shaped Iran's governance and regional influence. His policies and decisions influenced Iran's relationship with international powers and its domestic political landscape. His legacy continues to be studied and debated in the context of Iran's history and governance.

### Awards and Recognition
Hashemi Rafsanjani received several awards and honors, including the Order of Fath, Iran's military order, which he was awarded in 1989. His contributions to Iran's political and economic development were recognized both domestically and internationally.

### Affiliations and Key People
Throughout his career, Hashemi Rafsanjani was affiliated with key institutions in Iran, including the University of Qom and the University of Isfahan. He also worked with significant figures in Iran's political landscape, contributing to the development of its governance and policies.

## References

1. International Standard Name Identifier
2. Virtual International Authority File
3. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4. Find a Grave
5. Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
6. Munzinger Personen
7. [Iran's ex-President Rafsanjani dies at 82](http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38548591)
8. Freebase Data Dumps. 2013
9. [Source](https://albertonisman.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Dictamina-Full-Spanish_.pdf)
10. BBC Things
11. Quora
12. National Library of Israel Names and Subjects Authority File