# A hybrid annual runoff prediction model using echo state network and gated recurrent unit based on sand cat swarm optimization with Markov chain error correction method

> Research article (Journal of Hydroinformatics, 2024) · cited 16× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W4396953881](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W4396953881)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/a-hybrid-annual-runoff-prediction-model-using-echo-state-network-and-gated-recurrent-unit-based-on-sand-cat-swarm-optimi