# A framework for liveness detection for direct attacks in the visible spectrum for multimodal ocular biometrics

> Research article (Pattern Recognition Letters, 2015) · cited 18× · AI/ML

**Wikidata**: [openalex:W2193180387](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/openalex:W2193180387)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/a-framework-for-liveness-detection-for-direct-attacks-in-the-visible-spectrum-for-multimodal-ocular-biometrics