# 252 series integrated circuits

> line of early hybrid DACs and associated circuits

**Wikidata**: [Q130466047](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130466047)  
**Source**: https://4ort.xyz/entity/252-series-integrated-circuits

## Summary
The 252 series integrated circuits are a line of early hybrid digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and associated circuits. Developed by Angstrem in the Soviet Union, these circuits combine different semiconductor devices and passive components on a single substrate. They were introduced in 1970 and comply with the Soviet integrated circuit designation.

## Key Facts
- The 252 series integrated circuits are a line of early hybrid digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and associated circuits.
- They are classified as an integrated circuit series and digital-to-analog converters.
- The series is a subclass of hybrid integrated circuits.
- Development of the 252 series began by 1970.
- The primary developer was Angstrem.
- Manufacturers included Angstrem, Exiton, and Mikropribor.
- The circuits were produced in the Soviet Union.
- They comply with the Soviet integrated circuit designation.

## FAQs
### Q: What are the 252 series integrated circuits?
A: The 252 series integrated circuits are a line of early hybrid digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and associated circuits. They are characterized by combining different semiconductor devices and passive components on a single substrate.

### Q: When were the 252 series integrated circuits introduced?
A: The 252 series integrated circuits were introduced by 1970. This marks their point in time for development and availability.

### Q: Who developed and manufactured the 252 series integrated circuits?
A: The 252 series integrated circuits were developed by Angstrem. They were manufactured by several entities including Angstrem, Exiton, and Mikropribor, all operating within the Soviet Union.

### Q: What type of integrated circuits are the 252 series?
A: The 252 series are hybrid integrated circuits, meaning they combine different semiconductor devices and passive components on a substrate. They primarily function as digital-to-analog converters (DACs).

## Why It Matters
The 252 series integrated circuits hold significance as an early example of hybrid digital-to-analog converter (DAC) technology. As hybrid integrated circuits, they represented an important step in miniaturizing electronic components by integrating diverse semiconductor devices and passive components onto a single substrate, a crucial advancement in the early days of microelectronics. Their function as DACs was fundamental for converting digital signals into analog signals, a capability essential for numerous applications ranging from data processing to control systems. Being developed and manufactured in the Soviet Union in 1970, they highlight the technological capabilities and development trajectory within that geopolitical context. The series' compliance with Soviet integrated circuit designation also underscores its role within a standardized national electronic component system, contributing to the broader technological infrastructure of the time.

## Notable For
- Being an early line of hybrid integrated circuits, combining different semiconductor devices and passive components.
- Functioning primarily as digital-to-analog converters (DACs), a key mixed-signal technology.
- Its development and manufacturing originating from the Soviet Union.
- Being introduced by 1970, marking it as an early entry in the field of integrated circuit series.
- Compliance with the specific Soviet integrated circuit designation system.

## Body

### Overview and Classification
The 252 series integrated circuits represent a specific line of electronic components. They are classified as an integrated circuit series, indicating a family of related devices sharing a common prefix. Functionally, they are digital-to-analog converters (DACs), which are electronic devices designed to convert digital signals into analog signals. This makes them mixed-signal devices.

### Hybrid Integrated Circuit Technology
A defining characteristic of the 252 series is its nature as a hybrid integrated circuit. This means the circuits combine different semiconductor devices and passive components, such as resistors and capacitors, on a single substrate. This approach allowed for miniaturization and integration of diverse functionalities before purely monolithic integration became widespread for all types of circuits.

### Development, Manufacturing, and Origin
The 252 series integrated circuits were developed by Angstrem. Their introduction point in time is noted as 1970. Manufacturing of these circuits was undertaken by several entities, including Angstrem, Exiton, and Mikropribor. All development and manufacturing activities for the 252 series took place in the Soviet Union.

### Compliance and Designation
The 252 series integrated circuits comply with the Soviet integrated circuit designation system. This indicates adherence to national standards and nomenclature for electronic components within the Soviet Union.

### Further Information
An image of a component from the 252 series is available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/К2ПД524_Ангстрём_(2).jpg. Additional information, described in Russian, can be found at http://www.155la3.ru/k252.htm. The series also has a dedicated commons category: 252 series integrated circuits.